Gonorrhea and Syphillis

Gonorrhea

TRANSMISSION:

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae bacterium is spread through genital, oral-genital, or genital-anal contact

DIAGNOSIS:

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

MALE

FEMALE

8 out of 10 women are asymptomatic

Symptoms typically develop

2-9 days after sexual contact

• Urine test
• Swab samples from throat or rectum
• Discharge sample

• Discharge
• Burning during urination
• Infertility
• Can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• Fever
• Upset stomach

• Pus discharge
• Irritation during urination
• Swollen testicles
• Can spread to prostate gland, testicles, bladder, and kidneys
• Urinary obstruction
• Sterility

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5% of sexually active are silent carriers

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http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/phil/images/3766.jpg

"the clap"

TREATMENT:

Syphilis

Gonorrhea

Cephalosporin antibiotics ( Ceftriaxone or Cefixime*)

CLINICAL DESCRIPTION:

(4)

http://diseasespictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Gonorrhea-Throat-2.jpg

CLINICAL DESCRIPTION:

*no longer recommended by the CDC

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the Neisseria Gonorrhoeae bacteria. If not treated Gonorrhea can develop into Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the Treponema Pallidum bacterium. If not treated Syphilis can cause long term complications and/or death.

STATISTICS:

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STATISTICS:

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• Decline in rates by 74% from 1975 to 1990 as a result of the implementation of the National Gonorrhea Control Program in 1970.
• Estimated 700,000 cases annually in the U.S.; second most commonly reported STI
• Most common in WOMEN ages 15 to 24 ( 123.5 of 100,000)
• 19x more common among African Americans tan Caucasians

• Decline in number of cases by 90% from 1990 to 2000; but had increased every year since
• 46,042 new cases of syphilis in 2011; 72% occurred among men who have sex with men
• 360 reports of children with congenital syphilis in 2011.

(4)

Clinical Question:

(7)

(4)

How do Gonorrhea and Syphilis effect fertility and pregnancy?

GONORRHEA and FERTILITY

GONORRHEA and PREGNANCY

FEMALE

• Can spread into the uterus or fallopian tubes and cause PID

• Infection-causing bacteria can invade the fallopian tubes, causing normal tissue to turn into scar tissue. This scar tissue blocks or interrupts the normal movement of eggs into the uterus. If the fallopian tubes are totally blocked by scar tissue, sperm cannot fertilize an egg, and the woman becomes infertile.

• There are 13,200 women annually in the U.S that simultaneously are pregnant and have Gonorrhea
• Can be transmitted from mother to baby during delivery when baby passes through birthing canal; performing a C-section would limit chances for infection
• Mothers with Gonorrhea run the risk of premature deliveries and miscarriage
• Testing soon-to-be mothers is essential; Gonorrhea can be treated during pregnancy with low doses of antibiotics if detected early.

• 750,000 women experience an episode of acute PID annually in the United States; 10 to 15% of these women will become infertile as a result

• Ectopic pregnancy:If a fertilized egg begins to grow in the tube as if it were in the uterus

MALE

• If the epididymis becomes infected, scarring can impair a man's ability to have children

(2)

(1)

(5)

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Syphilis

TRANSMISSION:

CONCLUSION

SYPHILIS: FERTILITY and PREGNANCY

WHAT IS A STI?

The presence in the human body of an infectious agent that can be passed from one sexual partner to another

Syphilis is transmitted by direct contact with Syphilis sores which typically occur on the external genitals, vagina, anus, or in the rectum. Can also be found on the lips or in the mouth.

• Untreated syphilis is not directly related to infertility but the health problems that develop from long turn untreated syphilis can cause individuals to become sterile.
• Less than 1000 women in the U.S. have Syphilis during pregnancy.
• Infected mothers can pass the disease to their child. This may lead to:
• Low birth weight
• Premature delivery
• Stillbirth
• Children born with Syphilis are more likely to develop:
• Cataracts
• Deafness
• Seizures
• Premature death

1. Screening is essential; most cases of Gonorrhea and Syphilis can be treated if detected early

2. Proper precautions should be taken during any sexual interaction. Latex condoms when used properly are highly effective in preventing STDs

3. Be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and is known to be uninfected

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Studies conducted on pregnant women with Syphilis:

PRIMARY STAGE

50 MILLION people annually report having an STI

Symptoms typically develop 21 days after sexual contact, but may not develop for 90 days

SECOND STAGE

• reduction in the incidence of clinical congenital syphilis of 97% with treatment of 2.4MU penicillin
• 82% decrease in stillbirths
• 64% decrease in preterm deliveries
• 80% decrease in neonatal deaths

LATE/LATENT STAGES

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DIAGNOSIS:

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• Development of chancre sores at site of infection; firm, rounds, and painless
• Sores last 3 to 6 weeks and will heal regardless to whether or not the individual received treatment.
• If untreated, will develop to second stage.

• Difficulty coordinating muscle movements
• Paralysis, numbness
• Gradual blindness
• Dementia

• Skin rashes (reddish brown, rough spots on palms and bottom of feet)
• Multiple sores
• Large, raised, gray or white lesions in mouth, underarm or groin region
• Fever
• Swollen lymph glands
• Sore throat
• Patchy hair loss
• Headaches
• Weight loss
• Muscle aches
• Fatigue

$15.3 BILLION is spent annually by the U.S. health-care system annually to treat STI's

In the late stages of syphilis, the disease damages the internal organs, including the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints. This damage can result in death.

• Blood test
• examining material from a syphilis sore

TREATMENTS:

Penicillin or other antibiotics

Condoms decrease the risk of obtaining an STI by 50-80%; Most effective against STIs transmitted by bodily fluids (Gonorrhea) rather than those transmitted by skin to skin (Syphilis)

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*must abstain from sexual contact until sores are completely healed

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http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/STDFact-Syphilis.htm

Gonorrhea and Syphilis

References

(1)D Schlossberg, et al. "Multicenter Trial Of Single-

Dose Azithromycin Vs. Ceftriaxone In The Treatment Of Uncomplicated Gonorrhea. Azithromycin Gonorrhea Study Group." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 21.2 (1994): 107-111. MEDLINE. Web. 15 Jan. 2013.

(2)Kirkcaldy, Robert D. New Treatment

Guideline for Gonorrhea: Antibiotic Change. Medscap. 13 August 2012. Web. 14 January 2012

(3)Joy E. Lawn, et al. "Lives Saved Tool Supplement Detection And Treatment

Of Syphilis In Pregnancy To Reduce Syphilis Related Stillbirths And Neonatal Mortality." BMC Public Health 11.Suppl 3 (2011): 1-16. Academic Search Premier. Web. 16 Jan. 2013.

(4)Sexually Transmitted Disease: Gonorrhea-CDC

Facts Sheet. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 13 December 2012. Web. 14 January 2012.

(5)Torpy JM, Lynm C, Golub RM. Gonorrhea. JAMA. 2013;309(2):196.

doi:10.1001/2012.jama.10802.

(6)Yancey, Diane. "Chapter Three: WHAT YOU SHOULD

KNOW ABOUT GONORRHEA AND SYPHILIS." STDs: What You Don't Know Can Hurt You. 36. n.p.: Lerner Publishing Group, 2002. Health Source - Consumer Edition. Web. 15 Jan. 2013.

(7) Hales, Dianne. An Invitation to Healtyh, Belmont: Wadsworth, 2011. Print.

Emma Belson

AT 160