AMERICAN INTERVENTION AND PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
PRELUDE TO THE AMERICAN REGIME
LEGISLATIVE
• Power was exercised by the unicameral Assembly of Representatives
• Elected by people
JUDICIAL
• Power was vested in the Supreme Court of Justice
• Chief justice selected by the Assembly of Representatives
- Cebu surrendered and the American flag was hoisted in Negros
- The Negresans offered their services voluntarily for the maintenance of peace
- The Negresans were permitted to draft their own constitutions which then they submitted to President McKinley
- This constitution was then called the Constitution of Negros which was not even approved by the US President but it still served as a basis for the administration of the island’s civil affairs
Battle of Manila Bay
Attempts at Gaining Filipino Support
• Commodore George Dewey proceeded immediately to the Philippines and it was led by the flagship Olympia
• They entered Manila Bay early morning
• They engaged Spanish fleet headed by Admiral Patricio Montojo but lasted only for few hours
• This battle was one of the most significant battles in the history of the Americans because it established the US as a world power
• For the Filipinos, Dewey’s victory signaled the end of more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule in the country
• Marked the beginning of the American colonial rule in the Philippines
- Dewey blockaded Manila while awaiting reinforcements from the US.
- Basilio Agustin
- Governor-general of the country
- Successor of Primo de Rivera
- Appealed to the Filipino people to assist Spain in her struggle for survival from American regression
- Issued two decrees: Filipino Militia and Consultative Assembly
- PURPOSE: To win over the ilustrados
- BACKFIRED: All those appointed to militia sided with Aguinaldo
- CONSULTATIVE ASSEMBLY
- Headed by Pedro Paterno
- Accomplished nothing
The Spanish-American War of 1989
The Malolos Congress
The Drafting of the Malolos Constitution
Filipino-American Collaboration
• This aroused the ire of the Americans considering that the person insulted was the symbol of the American nation
• American battleship Maine docked at Havana harbor was blown up by the Spaniards
• According to Randolf Hearst, father of yellow journalism, the battleship was actually blown up and sank by the American spies
• McKinley recommended direct intervention in Cuba and the US congress accepted and voted for war with Spain
• Spain declared war on April 24 1898 and the Spanish-American war began on April 25,1898
The First Philippine Republic
- The Filipinos headed by Emilio Aguinaldo resented the American Annexation of the Philippines. They established the Malolos Republic because of their desire of freedom. Soon they became involved in a struggle against the Americans.
- Aguinaldo called for the elections of delegates to the revolutionary Congress on June 18, 1898
- In September 15 1898, the Malolos Congress was convened by Aguinaldo at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan
- The election was held the day after, among those elected were Pedro Paterno, President; Benito Legarda, as vice president; Gregorio Araneta, as first secretary; Pablo Ocampo, as second secretary.
- Ratification of Philippine Independence in Cavite El Viejo on June 12, 1898
- Mabini’s proposed constitution, which he called Constitutional Programme of the Philippine Republic was rejected
- Two constitutional plans considered: Paterno Plan (based on Spanish Constitution) and Calderon Plan (based on the Constitutions of France, Belgium, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Brazil)
- Most controversial provision in the Calderon draft was the Union of Church and State
- Aguinaldo refused to sign the approved constitution due to Mabini’s objections
- Filipino exiles in Hong Kong closely monitored the developments in the Philippines and the conflict between Spain and the United States
- A problem cropped up regarding the disposal of the P400,000 from Governor-General Primo de Rivera under the terms of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
Filipino-American Collaboration
- Also known as Malolos Republic
- Inaugurated in Malolos, Aguinaldo as its firs president
- Consisted of three branches: executive, judicial, and legislative
The Spanish-American War of 1989
The Outbreak of the War
Aguinaldo, Gregorio del Pilar, and Leyba
Secretly went to Singapore (arrival: April 23, 1898) to escape inconvenience of having to go to court
Sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Supreme Court
Wanted the money to be apportioned among themselves
Howard Bay
Informed Aguinaldo that E. Spencer Pratt (American consul) wanted to talk to him
EXECUTIVE
- Power was vested in the President elected by legislature
- Cabinet (Council of the Government) assists the President
Isabelo Artacho
Filipino-American Collaboration
• Cuba revolted against its colonial master Spain
• Governor-General Valeriano Weyler established camps for the rebel and their sympathizers
• Many American businessmen had huge investments in the sugar industry
• President McKinley sent US battleship Maine to Cuba for evacuating American citizens
• A letter from a Spanish minister to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lome had been stolen and was published in New York Journal
- An encounter between Filipinos and Americans on a bridge in San Juan del Monte broke out the fighting
- Aguinaldo appealed to stop the fighting, but Otis responded, “Fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end”
- Reports made it appear that the Filipinos started the war so it changed the minds of several U.S. senators to vote for ratification of the Treaty of Paris which was done on February 6, 1899
Aguinaldo rejected the proposal
American Intervention and
Philippine Independence
E. Spencer Pratt
- “The Americans would not colonize the Philippines”
The Filipino-American War Escalates
The Filipino-American War
Filipino-American Collaboration
Diplomatic Activities to the First Philippine Republic
The Filipino-American War
The Roots of Conflict
The Malolos Republic at Work
• Aguinaldo and his group went into voluntary exile in Hong Kong
• Because of the huge investments of Americans to the sugar industry, the US government was dragged into war with Spain
• This was closely monitored by the Filipino revolutionaries in exile
Newspaper and the Revolution
The Roots of Conflict
- Aguinaldo consented to return to the Philippines with Commodore Dewey to lead revolution against Spain and fight alongside the Americans
- General Douglas Mac Arthur ordered the advance of America troops towards the Filipinos after the refusal of Gen. Otis to end hostilities following the incident at San Juan Bridge
- Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur occupied key points in the Filipino regiment like Makati, Santa Ana
- Gen. MacArthur then, targeted Caloocan where Gen. Antonio Luna were based
- Caloocan soon fell before the might of the American army. Gen. Luna didn’t give up and mounted another attack in Manila and in Azcarraga but suffered heavy losses. He then, retreated to Polo, Bulacan
- American cruelty was shown.
- To sustain the spirit of Filipino nationalism:
- El Heraldo de la Revolucion
- Newspaper established by the republic on September 1898
EDUCATION
- One of the concerns of the new established republic
- Aguinaldo ordered the opening of the schools that were closed during the revolution
- The republic allotted a total budget of P35,000 to finance the education of the Malolos Republic
- Primary, secondary and tertiary schools were established
- Secondary: Burgos Institute
- Tertiary: Literary University of the Philippines
- December 21, 1898 – Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation by President William Mckinley
- January 4, 1899 – the announcement was made in the Philippines
- General Elwell Otis – Commander of the American ground forces in the Philippines
- January 5, 1899 – Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation
- Despite the proclamation of independence, the country did not become a member of the family of nations
- No country in the world recognized the Philippines despite the diplomatic efforts exerted by Filipino diplomats
- Felipe Agoncillo, Mariano Ponce, Faustino Lichuaco, Antonio Roxas, Juan Luna, and Eriberto Zarcal
- Felipe Agoncillo
- Was given the task of persuading the US government to recognize the Malolos Republic
- The effort of Felipe proved futile as the US decided to make the Philippines as an American territory
- With the outbreak of the Filipino-American War, the Malolos Republic Destined to die a natural death.
TAXES
- Filipinos of ages 18 to 60 were asked to pay war taxes
- Their taxes were used to support the operation of the government
- The government also solicits donations for rich Filipino and Chinese family as an additional source of fund
- Suspicion of the Filipinos about the motives of the Americans
- Their suspicion grew deeper when the Americans prevented them from entering Manila after its fall
- Finally, their suspicions were confirmed by the Treaty of Paris wherein Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States.
Filipino-American Collaboration
SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC
- Armed Forces were organized on a regional basis. Each province had its own brigade, regiment and battalion
- Army was ill-trained and ill-equipped, they had no military training and also lacked adequate knowledge of military tactics and strategies
- The newspaper contains:
- All announcements of the governments
- Decrees
- Proclamations of the President
- Activities of the Revolutionary Congress
- La Independencia
- The most famous privately-owned newspaper
- Edited by Antinio Luna
- Maiden issue: September 3, 1898
Aguinaldo's Return to the Philippines
Rounseville Wildman
- American consul in Hong Kong
- Told Aguinaldo Dewey had left instructions for his return to the Philippines
- Suggested that Aguinaldo should establish a dictatorial government
American imperialism
Spanish colonialism
DALAHIKAN
(Cavite shipyard)
occupied by Filipinos from the Spanish army
He advised the people to respect the property of foreigners so as not to be held incapable of governing the land.
Aguinaldo boarded McCulloch at night and arrived in Cavite two days later, where he was taken board Olympia where he said Dewey had given him assurance of Philippine Independence. However, Dewey denied.
The Filipino ilustrados
The masses – Katipunan
On to Central and Southern Luzon
The War in Visayas
On to Central and Southern Luzon
Filipino-American Collaboration
The War in Visayas
Disunity Among Filipinos
PETREL
American warship where ammunitions were obtained
JUNE 2, 1989
General Artemio Ricarte accepted surrender of Spanish commanding general
By the end of May 1989, a number of provinces were seized from Spanish control.
JUNE 1898
only the ports of Cavite and Manila have not fallen
• Felipe Agoncillo – temporary president
• Doroteo Lopez – temporary secretary
• Teodoro Sandico
• Anastacio Francisco
• Mariano Llanera
• Miguel Malvar
• Andres Garchitorena
• Severo Buenaventura
• Maximo Kabigting
• Faustino Lichauco
• Antonio Montenegro
• Galiciano Apacible
- The Americans decided to invade Visayan provinces
- General Otis directed Gen. Miller to invade and capture Iloilo Province
- The Filipinos led by Gen. Martin Delgado did not surrender
- The Filipinos burned Iloilo so the Americans would not be able to make it their base of operations.
- March 30 1899 - Aguinaldo evacuated Malolos and moved his headquarters to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
- April 23 – Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar defeated American calvary in a stiff battle in Quinqua, Bulacan
- Gen. Licerio Geronimo overpowered the Americans under General Lawton in San Mateo, Morong, in which battle Lawton was killed
- Gen. MacArthur moved towards Kalumpit, Bulacan where General Luna was waiting for him
- Luna, together with his foot soldiers, calvary, and artily left Kalumpit to punish General Tomas Mascardo
- Luna and his soldiers lost the fight
- November 12, 1899 - the army was dissolved by Aguinaldo
- Many of them, including Mabini, who was captured in December 1899, were deported to Guam in January, 1901
- Power struggle between Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino
- Some military officers refused to recognize Gen. Antonio Luna’s authority
- June 5, 1899 – Luna and his aide-de-camp were assassinated by the Kawit Company
- As a result, the army was demoralized by his unexpected death
Hong Kong Junta
- Met on May 4 to deliberate on course of action.
- Present at this meeting were:
- Unanimously decided that Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to lead struggle against the Spaniards
- Aguinaldo gave Wildman P117, 000
- To be used in purchasing guns and ammunition
- P50, 000 – first shipment; arrived promptly
- Second delivery never happened
Filipino-American Collaboration
Wildman and Pratt
- Assured that the American government sympathized with the Filipinos’ aspiration for independence
- DID NOT MAKE ANY FORMAL COMMITMENT
The Filipino Siege of Manila
- Aguinaldo was treated as though he was head of state and the Filipinos fought the Spaniards while the Americans waited for reinforcements, all the while making the Filipinos believe they meant well
- The members of the Spanish navy took refuge at Intramuros (“The Walled City”) as Aguinaldo cut off the city’s food and water supply to force them out
- The Spaniards were offered three times to surrender with generous terms, which Governor-General Augustin rejected, awaiting reinforcements that never came
Brutalities During War
The Capture of Aguinaldo
On to Mindanao and Sulu
The Capture of Aguinaldo
The Balangiga Massacre
The Aguinaldo Dictatorship
Dragged by galloping horses
Fires were lit beneath others while they were hanging
Happened on September 28, 1901
- 36 killed
- 22 wounded
- 4 missing
- 8 died of wounds
Gen. Jacob H. Smith, who ordered the killing of every male over ten years old during the retaliatory campaign, was subject to court-martial for "conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline". Reprimanded but not formally punished, Smith was forced into retirement from the service because of his conduct.
It was an incident in 1901 in the town of the same name during the Philippine–American War. It initially referred to the killing of about 48 members of the US 9th Infantry by the townspeople allegedly augmented by guerrillas in the town of Balangiga on Samar Island during an attack on September 28 of that year.
- Two batallions of American soliders landed in Jolo to bring Muslim Filipinos into the fold of American rule and used diplomacy in the process
- American authorities designated Gen. John C. Bates to negotiate a treaty, known as the Bates Treaty, with Sultan Jamalul Kiram II to ensure peaceful coexistence between the Muslims and Americans
- Muslim resistance was neutralized, thereby allowing the Americans to concentrate their efforts on pacifying Christian Filipinos in the archipelago
- Number one priority of Americans during the War of Philippine Independence
- Aguinaldo was able to escape captivity and was able to sue for some more time because of the heroic sacrifice of General Gregorio del Pilar
- Aguinaldo was captured by means of a trick planned by Brigadier Generel Fredrick Funston
- April 1, 1901 – Aguinaldo swore allegiance to the United States
- April 19, 1901 – Aguinaldo issued a proclamation on the Filipino people to lay down their arms and accept Americal rule
- Aguinaldo’s capture signaled the death of the First Philippine Republic
Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith and Gen. Franklin Bell ordered the mass murders in answer to the mass resistance
Tying to a tree and then shooting the suspect through the legs
- Twenty-two were wounded in action and four were missing in action. Eight died later of wounds received in combat; only four escaped unscathed
- The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition and suffered 28 dead and 22 wounded
Filipino guerillas chopped off the noses and ears of captures Americans in violation of Aguinaldo’s orders
Gen. Jacob Smith and his staff inspect the ruins of Balangiga in October 1901, a few weeks after the US retaliation by Capt. Bookmiller and his troops
The US 9th Infantry Regiment in the Philippines, 1899
Of the 74 men in Company C, 36 were killed in action, including all its commissioned officers; Captain Thomas W. Connell, First Lieutenant Edward A. Bumpus and Major Richard S. Griswold.
AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA
suggested a dictatorial government
Photo of Company C, 9th US Infantry Regiment with Valeriano Abanador (standing, sixth from right) taken in Balangiga. The provenance of the photograph is uncertain
MARIANO PONCE
drawn a draft of constitutional plan Aguinaldo brought with him from Hong Kong
MAY 24, 1898
temporary; issued a degree establishing dicatatorial governance; nullified the orders in Biak-na-Bato Republic
APOLINARIO MABINI
unofficial adviser of Aguinaldo; objected the plan of Aguinaldo to declare the independece of Philippines
Proclamation of Philippine Independence
Unjust execution of Rizal and others to please friars
Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo given all the powers necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,
- The first spark of revolution broke out in Caloocan to Santa Mesa
The Philippine Flag
- Signed by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, all those assembled and Mr. L.M. Johnson, a Colonel of Artillery of USA
- Apolinario Mabini - modified the declaration of independence at Malolos, Bulacan; he disagreed to the proclamation as it placed Philippines under the protection of US.
- The White Triangle - the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the "Katipunan”
- The Three Stars - the three principal Islands of this Archipelago: Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay (where this revolutionary movement started)
- Sun - gigantic steps made by the sons of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization
- The Eight Rays - the eight provinces-Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which declared themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated
- Colors of Blue, Red, and White - commemorating the flag of the United States of North America as gratitude for its protection.
Proclamation of Philippine Independence
The Resistance Continues
The End of the Filipino-American War
Barbaric acts were done by the Americans due to the people’s support to the guerillas. They herded people into small areas within the poblacion of their repesctive towns and were kept prisoners for months.
The United States concentrated therefore on establishing the machinery for governing the country as an American colony.
- Gen. Malvar surrendered to Gen. J. Franklin Bell in Lipa, Batangas on April 16, 1902
- Luciano San Miguel revived the Katipunan in Zambales on 1886 and sustained the guerilla war against the Americans in 1902
- Died in a battle with Philippine Constabulary and Philippine scouts in the district of Pugad-Baboy in Morong
- It took 3 years for the US to defeat the army of the first Philippine Republic
- The war was in favor of the Americans because of the tremendous millitary adavantages enjoyed by the United States.
Faustino Guillermo took over the leadership of the new Katipunan movement.
- American troops burned houses, carts, poultry, animals, etc. Parallel the early version of concentration camps in the Vietnam War.
- Gen. Vicente Lukban ambushed the American troops in Samar but was also captured there.
Gen. Miguel Malvar of Batangas took over the leadership of Aguinaldo.
From Dictatorial to Revolutionary Government
• Pres. Theodore Roosevelt declared that the Philippine-American War was over on July 4, 1902
- Americans called this as the Philippine Insurrection
Philippine Constabulary, Philippine Scouts and elements of the US Army joined forces to go after the guerillas.
- Macario Sakay continued the fight
- Leader of a band of patriotic Filipinos
- Americans branded him as a bandit
- Established the Tagalog “Republic”
- Surrendered on July 14, 1906 and was tried and convicted as bandits along with his men.
- Hanged on September 13, 1907
1907 Photo. L to R, seated: Julian Montalan, Francisco Carreon, Macario Sakay and Leon Villafuerte; L to R, standing: Benito Natividad and Lucio de Vega
EMILIO JACINTO
Invited by Mabini to join the government in Malolos.
- Gen. Simeon Ola launched guerilla raids on US occupied towns until his surrender on September 25, 1903
- Last Filipino General to surrender to the Americans
JUNE 18
Aguinaldo issued a decree to reorganize local governments in areas liberated from Spain.
APOLINARIO MABINI
- The Supreme Paralytic
- Became Aguinaldo’s liberal advisor
DECREE OF JUNE 23
- The Dictatorship was changed to a Revolutionary Government
- Biak-na-bato Republic Orders were revoked.
- Filipinos, on the other hand, were at a disadvantageous position
- Most of the cannons were captured from Spaniards
- Most Filipino soldiers didn’t have guns but used spears, lances and bolos in fighting
- Filipino soldier lacked military training
Others who took part in the guerilla warfare were Macario Sakay, Julian Mantalan and Cornelio Felizardo
- The Filipinos managed to win small battlefield encounters but these only delayed the ultimate victory for the Americans.
- United States paid a very high price in winning the war as more than 4,000 American soldiers’ lives were sacrificed.
- One of them was Major General Henry C. Lawton
- Killed in the Battle of San Mateo on Dec. 23, 1899.
- Highest ranking US military officer to be killed in action in the Philippine-American War
Philippine Constabulary troops, circa 1906
SULPICIO GUEVARRA
translated the Declaration of Independence into English
The US government spent about $600 million to quell the Filipino resistance to the imposition of American sovereignity in the archipelago.
SOME CONTENTS OF THE DECREE
- People of the country are already tired of bearing the yoke of Spaniards
- Arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards
- Deportation of the illustrious Filipinos
- Start a revolution in August 1896 to regain the independence and sovereignty
- Supreme Judge of the Universe, Power and Humanitarian Nation, the United States of America
- We recognize, approve, and ratify with all the orders emanating from the same, the dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo, whom revere as the Supreme Head of this Nation
Highlights of the Independence Proclamation
- Unfurling of the Philippine national flag (Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, Delfin Herbosa)
- Playing the Marcha Filipina Magdalo (by San Francisco de Malabon
- Reading the Declaration of Philippine Independence
JUNE 12 1898
proclamation of Philippine Independence in Cavite El Viejo
- By the end of June: Rebels controlled all of Luzon except besieged Manila.
- July 15: Aguinaldo chose his cabinet including:
- Baldomero (his brother) – Secretary of War and Public Works
- Ilustrados (Spanish side)
- Apolinario Mabini – Secretary of Foreign Affairs (previously offered to Cayetano Arellano but he declined)
- July 23: Aguinaldo as Chief General proclamation
- He deployed 14,000 Filipino soldiers outside Manila’s walls
AMERICAN FORCES
June 30: General Thomas Anderson
July 17: General Francis V. Greene
July 31: General Arthur MacArthur
General Wesley E. Merritt
Surrender: Negotiations and the Mock of Battle of Manila
The Treaty of Paris of 1898
General Fermin Jaudenes replaced Governor-General Augustin under the order of the Peninsular Government
- General Anderson, commander of the first reinforcements, even telegraphed Aguinaldo warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without permission from the American commander or else they would be shot
- General Arthur Mc Arthur led the third American reinforcements, ready for battle
The American peace commission was composed of William R. Day, Sen. Cushman K. Avis, William P. Frye, Sen. George Gray, and Hon. Whitelaw Reid
End of Filipino-American Collaboration and Spanish Rule
The Spanish peace commission was headed by Don Eugenio Montero Rios, the President of the Senate, and Jules Cambon, a french diplomat.
A peace talk between Spain and the US, peace commissioners of both country met in Paris, France to draft a treaty on October 1, 1898.
- General Meritt, who had overall command of the American forces, decided to conduct the “offensive” against Manila from the side of Manila Bay.
- General Francis Greene, who was the commander of the second reinforcement, was instructed to tell Aguinaldo and his troops to cooperate with the Americans by leaving the area free for the foreigners to occupy.
The Final Treaty was concluded in Paris on December 10, 1898 and provided the following:
1. Spain agreed to remove all soldiers from Cuba and recognize American occupation of the area;
2. Spain ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States;
3. The United States Compensated Spain for its losses with a payment $20 million.
Ratification of this treaty was not a foregone conclusion in the US senate. The point of friction was the Philippines, which was deemed by many not to be an area of vital interest to the US. In February 1899, the treaty received the necessary two-thirds ratification approval by a single vote. US emerged as a world power.
General Riego de Dios (pic at the left), the successor of Jaudenes, transferred the headquarters of the Spanish government to Iloilo and took command of the Spanish Army in the South. However, Martin Delgado (pic at the right) compelled de Dios to leave Iloilo on December 24 and resulted de Dios to move to Zamboanga.
The surrender of Manila to the Americans signaled the end of the Filipino-American collaboration.
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
Group 1 | 4E PHARMACY
Guevarra, How, Salazar, Samar, San Juan, Santos, Sore, Tagra, Tan, C., Tan, D., Tokoyo, Tinio, Vargas, Venzon, Yu