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How Organisations Use ICT 1

Computer-aided instruction

Hierarchical database management systems

They are no longer used as a form of file management,as they suffer from the problem of one-way relationships. H.DBMS use a tree-like structure. There are few records or files at the top of the structure but mainly below it. It was mainly used in file organisation computer directory structures. In the windows system the folders can have several folders below them. It enables fast access to data.

Open Loop System

CAI is the same as CBT.

How computer-aided instruction meaning can differ from each country?

In USA, it have a different meaning where you can apply to any aspect of education which involves the use of computers. Furthermore, in other countries there are different interpretations of the use of computers in education.

CAI, computer software tends to replace teachers or indeed the current learning environment.

It involves the use of the computer as the main method of delivering subject knowledge, with little cond¡sideration for other methods of learning. While CAL is consider to be a helping software to support the current methods of learing and teaching.

The computer takesover the whole learning process. A good CAI package will make carrying out this assessment straightforward ( the exam on the computer). The materials makes it easy for the student to go through the sections and pages. It is made of repetition of skills to support the student's knowledge. They are usually used in quizzes and games to make it more enjoyable. The software keeps the data up to date to keep record of the students tests.

Network database management systems

they were developed to overcome a lot of the faults of the above DBMS. many existing database still rely on this form of DBMS. Parts of the database are usually stored on a number of computers that are linked through a WAN or LANs. It is unlikely to lose duplicated data. the duplication of data enables faster processing. The system caters for very complex searches or filters. Another type of network database is stored on one device however can have access from a number of network locations LAN or WAN. Users can access the data continuously without affecting the speed of accessing data.

Open loop system is when a processes input into a system using only the current state and this model system and they donot have feedback For Example: a microwave runs for a given time and then stops. However, It doesnot care if the food is good or not.

2.7 Data Management

Computer-aided learning

Closed Loop System

What is CAL OR CBL means?

Control

Systems

is where the output of the system can affect the next decision and they give feedback for example a central heating system coming up to its proper temperature will start to affect the way the boiler is turning off and on based on the current room temperature

Relatin database systems

They consists of a number of separate tables that are related in some way. Each of the tables consists of a key field that is a field in at least one other table. Data from one table can then be combined with data from another table when producing reports.It is possible to select different fields from each table for output using the key field as a key reference. the standard programming language in large applications to deal with relational tables is the SQL(Structured Query Language), which is used for queries and producing a report.

Advantages are the data is not repeated and therefore doesn´t waste valuable storage capacity, Data retrieval is quicker, the room for expanstion is allowed. Disadvantages, with flat file databases is that they repeat data.

2.1

Means that the computer and associated software do not replace a lecture or lesson. However they are introduced into the course as a learning resource like the smart board in Computer room. CAL should be considered to be an integrated approach to teaching where learning technology is part of the whole approach. Here the teacher have control of the lesson not the computer. Internet is a major component in CAL wich allows students to investigate or search for ideas and perform research as part of the lesson.The characteristic of internet usage could be consider as CAI, Afterall, specific learning programmers are available which the student can log on and replace the teacher input. When the teacher is still taking responsibility it means it is CAL.

What are the devices that used in CAL?

Dublicated data can mean that hackers have easier access to personal data that might be repeated across different files, so relational databases reduce the risk of data being hacked.

  • computers
  • DVD player

Approaches to good time management

  • Interactive whiteboards
  • Multimedia Projectors

Computer-mediated communications

CAL softwares are attached for students with special needs. Which contains overlay keyboards.

  • Overhead projectors
  • Televisions

CMC consists of e-mail, instant messaging. E-mail can be used for sending completed tasks to teachers or tutor, whether these be class work or homework assignments. Also it can be used to send tasks to students.

The better application of time management makes an organisation more profitable.

How to practice the feature of time managment?

  • Identify long and short term targets, whilst appreciating the end time of the project, also mindful of the need to identify the steps needed to be taken to get there, these short term targets can in themselves prove to be motivational when achieved.
  • Decision making- making the correct decision is important at all stages
  • Use of ICT organisations benefit through the use of software and communication devices
  • Planning organisations find that much time is saved in the actual production of an item if time has been spent planning the steps needed to produce it.
  • Prioritising important to decide on the relative important of each target and devoting the appropriate resources to achieve that target.

1. CAI(COMPUTER-AIDED INSTRUCTION)

2. CAL(COMPUTER-AIDED LEARNING)

3. CBL(COMPUTER-BASED LEARNING)

4. CBT(COMPUTER-BASED TRAINING)

5. CMC(COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION)

6. CAA(COMPUTER-AIDED ASSESSMENT)

Data base is a collection of related data. It consists of a collection of rcords and fields. Each record consists of the same set of fields, which consists one piece of information.

DBMS(DataBase Management System), it is the software that manage a database system.

What does it manages?

  • The structure of th individual data files
  • The relationships between data items and between data files
  • how the data is interrogated
  • the properties of the database

Sequentia files

Computer-aided assessment

Records are stored one after the other, in the order in which they were added to the storage media (magnetic tape). Sequential files must be used to read data from or write data to tape.

What are the two ways that records can be arranged?

1. is to have the records in some sort of order using a key field.

What is meant by a key field and Ordered sequential?

It is like the primary key which gives a unique number to every record.

What is meant by Unordered sequential file?

Its when records might be arranged with no thought given to their order so they appear to be unordered.

Whether the file is ordered or not it will affect the way in which the data is processed as well as the type of processing that can be used.

To retrive information from the sequential file you have to go through each record one by one.

In the ordered file the records are put in order of a key field. In an unordered file, the records are not in any particular order

What are the disadvantages of S.files?

How to add records in S.file?

The only way to add new records to a S.file is to store them at the end of the file. A record can only be replaced if the new record is exactly the same length as the original. Records can only be updated if the data item used to replace the existing data is exactly the same length. The processing of records are slower than any other type of file. In order to go to a certain record you to go through all the records to achieve it. It is only used for the records that have to be processed at on time.

It is straightforward to add records to the end of the file. However to delete a file is not easy at all. IF the file is an UNORDERED S.file, then it cannot be easily done. However, if it is oredered S.file, then the change can be relatively easily providing the transaction file. which contains the actions to be carried out on the records which has been sorted into the same order as he master file by using the key field.

How does it work?

The computers reads the first record in the transaction file and the first record in the old master file. IF the ID doesn't match then it will first save it in the new master file and continue to the other record. If it hits a match then the computer carries out the transaction, for example no 2 get a hit and next to it A which means that in the new master file it will be added and then the sequence will continue. no 5 got a hit and next to it D which means delete then the computer will ignore it and it won't be saved in the new master file.

Computers are being used to test students and to findout the progress they are making. They type of assessment can be either formative or summative.

Summative assessment is asking questions and recording the response. Afterward, the total mark is given and the teacher and the student will be informed.

Formative assessment is the use of the results of answers to a certain question to form a judgement on specific progress.

Disadvantages are that there are several problems with the software and often the level of produced was not deemed to be an accurate assessment of their ability.

In UK, they have been using online marking software. The process whereby candidates exams are scanned into the computer system and then the examiners log on to the system and mark the exam on te screen, There were a few problems with the system, which is providing to be an accurate approach to marking.

Record Keeping

Spreadsheets can be used to store test and examination marks or target marks of students. It then can be plotted in graphs and it can be used to demonstrate progress. Conditional formatting is a feature that teachers use to point of progress or lack of it. The teacher then can format the cell into two red for the people who are lower than the pre-set and green for the people who are in progress. Plus he teacher can separate sheets that can then be used to store information about different classes and these statistics which can be then comparred.

2.3 Advertising

CBL

CBT

CAI

CAL

2.6

CMC

They are systems that uses microprocessors or computers to control certain Physical Conditions either by keeping them doing the same thing over a period of time or varying them according to pre-defined values and lengths of time. Variables which are controlled by computers are mainly found in different kind of sensors.

Arranging workload

1.

Organising meeting times

4.

3.

2.

5.

CAA

They allow users to click on a specific task and the computer periodically reminds the user how long they have been working on that task.

When the user wants to change the task, he/she can change and the computer will calculate how long they have been working on each task.

It help the managers as they can see how much time is being spent on a task by one employee.

It can be used as a predictor. if the manager or the teacher is accurate in predicting the time that will need to be spent on a task then the resources can be allocated appropriately.

Indexed sequential and random access files

CAL AND CBL Together and CAI WITH CBT

It come with most computers, its features such as organising e-mail, contacts.

What are the functions of a calendar function?

It enables users to keep a record if their appointments and meeting times.

A public calendar can be created so that many employees can have access to it over a network which allows them to see when there would be a suitable time for meeting. The public calendar can be separate to the user's own calendar, plus it advise them of any clashes of meetings for the same time and date.

6.

2.4

It is meant by Embedded Web Technology.

It is been developed by NASA. So, when they send an experiment outer space they could be conducted by authorised person anywhere in the world.

EWT combines the Internet, the worldwide web and real-time systems into one technology for controlling embedded systems.

What EWT consist of?

It consist of microprocessors , input sensors, output actuators an dhe software needed to control them. They can be build into any real-time control system.

For example, Air-conditioning systems has been developed to enable users to control the temperature remotely. The embedded enables the user to correct and control air-conditioning temperature

Mobile Phones, PDA, Laptop, Computers.

On the whole, any device that can connect to the worldwide web

What can be used to control the air-conditioning remotely?

What is meant by EWT?

Time

managment

EWT

What is a stepper motor and how does it work?

A Step Motor is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. Also it does not spin freely like a DC motor but it can be controlled by a computer easily because it moves in minute steps.

It is the most popular type of motor that robotic use

In the manufactuing industries which include the car manufacture, they mainly use computer-controlled robots. Most robots are controlled by actuators in the form of electric motors.

  • gripper
  • Camera to inspect work
  • Welding guns
  • Spray guns
  • drills
  • Polishers/Finishers
  • Vacum cups

Examples

of End Effectors:

First the programmer or the user guides the arm through each step of the process either by:

  • Physical holding the arm which might have sensors attached to arm to allow data to be passed on the computer.
  • Using a remote control

In the exact moment the computer stores the exact steps/sequence of movements as the program is stored in its memory .

Thus, the robot is able to do it again and again every time a new unit comes down to the production line.

The programmer can program the arm offline, however they have to use on of the methods above.

Well the computer controls the robotic arm movements, and it uses the end effectors to do multiple jobs/ a variety of jobs which it can be carried out with the robotic arm.

The end effectors, they are the devices that are attach in the end of the robot arm.

  • Painting car bodies
  • Putting on car wheels
  • Drilling the holes in car bodies
  • Fixing rivets to car bodies
  • Tightening bolts
  • Assembling teh electric circuts in cars
  • inserting car engines

Teaching

&

Learning

How the robotic arm works?and methods?

The following list are the answer for the above question:

HOW CAN ROBOT ARM CAN BE CONTROLLED AND WHAT JOBS CAN IT DO?

what are the tasks that robot arms can carry out?

Robot Arm consists of seven metallic sections, they are joint by six joints each one being controlled by a separate stepper motor.

The whole process can be continuous without having to stop for breaks or shifts

The running costs are lower compared with paying a person

Robot Arms

They don't get tired, work is of a consistent standard

Most important point is that when the company or the technician want to change the end effector of the robot arm, they must change the programming as well.

For example: the technician can change the gripper with a spraygun which it is possible and he/she expect it to work but it won't because he didn't change the program of the robotic arm.

The robotic arm are designed to carry out the same operation over and over again. For example when the car passes along the production line the robot arm can put certain types of the car like doors in the exact position and with exact the same pressure

Robotic arm has greater accuracy than human beings

4.

3.

2.

1.

Why robots are being used rather than human beings?

Car Manufacture

What is a DC Motor and how does it work?

A (DC) direct current motor is a motor which spins quickly if an electric current is applied to it and it spins in the reverse direction and if the current is made to flow in the opposite direction

They are stored in order. Ordinary sequential or serial files can be stored on tape

What is meant by Indexed sequential file?

it is stored on disk to enable some form of direct acess. And each record consists of fixed length fields. the records are in some form of order. INDEX is a pointer to whereabouts on the disk the record is stored. FOR EXAMPLE, 1 TO 26( a to z ) on the tape that all the As and Bs are stored and all the letters too. if you want to go to letter I, all As and Hs are ignored and the disk access to Is. However the records beginning with Is still have to be read one by one until the appropriate record is found. Banks use sequential access systems for Batch processing cheques. For faster access to records for online banking the system would have to be at least indexed sequential. They are used with hybrid batch-processing system. The index will allow for direct access when individual records are required for human resources use. in addition they(Records) can be held sequentially to allow for serial access when producing a payroll. all records will be processed one after the other.

Random access is the quickest form of the access. It doesn't matter if the files are in order or not. However it will take the same particular time to access any particular record. Every record have a fixed length and a key. The computer look up the key and then goes to it directly .

It is the advertising of one specific product. It is all about advertising one item which it might be a specific model of car, mobile phone. However bt the whole range of cars or phones the company sells.

Batch Process Control

They are generally used to produce relatively small amounts of a product per year. In addition, Batch process control is used in processes where specific amounts of raw materials are combined together, mixed for a certain length of time and taking a certain temperature.

Product advertising

The main thing is that robotic surgery involves using robotic arms and cameras inside the patients body.

The robotic arm and camera are smaller than normal.

How does it work? What suitable equipment to wear? and How can the surgeon control it?

Well the surgeon wears a goggles that connects to the computer which enables to see inside the patient body. Surgeon just have to put his/her hands in the console to control the camera and robotic arm. when they move their hands the robotic arm and camera respond to the same movement

It also replaces a large-scale which means that patients recover more quickly. Also it means that they don't need hospital bed for so long

What are the benefits of the robotic arm and camera?

The patients in the intensive care are monitored through the use of sensors. Which sends a feed back of a selection of body functions to the computer like:

  • Blood pressure
  • Pulse rate
  • Body temperature

They are more accurate

Surgery

The surgeon

have the

complete control

  • It calculate the difference between the input value and the pre-set value.
  • Then, it causes the PLC to make proportional changes to the output. So that the pre-set value is eventually reached
  • The same process is repeated until the required temperature is reached.

The principles of product advertising does not differ from one product to another. The target audience is identified and an advertising campaing that will suit the type of audience is created.

How the PID works?

It enables nurses to carry out other tasks

It can monitor several patients at the same time

It is more accurate

Advantages of using sensors and computers

PID is Proportional-integral-derivative

What it is used for?

It is used with closed-loop control systems.

It is used in monitoring the temperature.

The main purpose for using the PID is to make the input value equal to the pre-set one.

Where can it be found?

In various of control software.

What PID means?

PID

  • It is a type of computer or microcomputer that is used for a single purpose
  • It is able to to accept analogue and digital inputs and allow it to set a logic statements which is then used to compare the input with a pre-set value
  • After wards, it depend on the result, the computer activates the output device

Where can it be found?

It is found in industrial processes and is normally programmed to operate a machine or system using just one program.

It can be used in situations where the pre-set value is constant such as a large industrial refrigeration system. However, it can be used in the central heating system as the pre-set value changes to suit the conditions.

1.

What PLC mean?

How does it work?

Well the computer have to be set with the normal range of values which then constantly starts comparing the data which is fedback by the sensors to these pre-set values.

If the pulse rate falls outside the pre-set values the computer starts to sounds an alarm.

However the system is not a computer control system as there is human intervention.

PLC

It is the use of computers or microprocessors to control a process.

What are the uses of the process control?

1. Oil Refining 2. Car Manufacture 3. Temperature

It also use analoge-to-digital and digital-to-analoge converstion.

The following are the types of process control

1. Batch Process Control 2. Continuous Process Control

3. DiscreteProcess Control

Medical Applications

What is the definition of Process control?

3.

Process Control

It is when specific items are produces.

The best example for it is the car manufacture.

The computer control involved in fitting the wheels, is attached in as the wheel is fitted the next car comes along and the same robot fits a wheel to the next to the same position.

When the next car arrives the robot stops temporarily.

Discrete Process Control

It provides servies rather than goods to the customer

2.

Service Advertising

They can be used for maintaining of temperatures like in the refrigerator which need a continuous low temperature. Also, they are being used as a refining process for petroleum and a paper machinE. In the paper machine it will need the continuous process control to have a continuous output of paper.

This process is being used to produce very large quantities of product per year.

Intensive care

It is the processes that apper to be unending.

What does it mean by Continuous Process Control?

Continuous Process Control

Give examples of service Industries!?

  • The main parts of a Central-heating system, it consists of a boiler, a hot-water cylinder, a pump and some radiators. The boiler is used to heat the water not to boil it. Then it starts to flow in the hot-water cylinder and the pump then it causes the heated water from the cylinder to flow rnd the system to the radiators. Radiators are metal panels that are fixed to the wall in the rooms that need heating.
  • In a microprocessor-controlled central-heating system, an individual press the touch screen to select the temperature they want.
  • Then the microprocessor reads the data from a temperature sensor on the wall and compares it with the value that the individual input/requested. If the temperature is lower than the required then the microprocessor will switch the boiler and the pump on, However if it is higher then the microprocessor will switch both off.

Central-Heating Systems

How the microprocess understnd the data from the temperature sensor?

Well the microprocessor uses an ADC (Analogue to digital converter) to convert this data to a digital form that it can process.

The microprocessor controls separate actuators:

  • 1 is to open the gas values in the boiler
  • 2 is to switch the pump on

They usually has the capacity to control the times at which the system switches itself on and off.

fOR EXAMPLE:

an individual can set the system to come on an hour before they wake up in the morning. They can switch it off after 30 minutes before they go out and so on.

When the system is off, the microprocessor ignores all readings.

HOW THE MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLS THE TIME?

  • Government
  • Tourism
  • insurance
  • banking
  • education
  • social services

It is the same as advertising for business. However, some profit-organisations will be prepared to spend a lot of money on advertising in order to achieve one thing is to increase their profit. While, the social services are not profit-making and they might spend plent of money on advertising so that citizens are aware of their existence. These public services tend to advertise on the television if they want the whole population. On the other hand profit-making services providers, they tend to use a variety of advertising media

explanation:

It is a closed system of copper tubes in the form of coils which contain a chemical liquid.

They contain two Coils:

  • The first coil is called the condensing unit which is mainly outside the building
  • The second coil is called the evaporating unit which is inside the building

In the video below it explains how the air-conditioning work in two different situations if it is at summer or winter

Business Advertising

Air-Conditioning Systems

Why organisations and companies use advertisement?

If the business want to make money it needs to advertise itself. Unlikely product advertising, where only single item is being advertied. However, business advertising seeks to make the company name familiar. The company needs to identify the type of customer that it want to attract. if they sell expensive things that are mainly aimed for the wealthy, then it want to advertise itself as an upmarket company. It will therefore advertise in magazines and newspapers which are mainly read by the richer end of society

They are being used to promote their products or services.

The process of refrigeration work on the same principle as the air-conditioning. The condensing unit is placed at the rear of the refrigeration and the evaporation unit is placed inside the refrigeration. There is a temperature sensor to monitor the temperature in the refrigeration, there is a contact switch or a pressure sensor dor the door, and there is a number pad or a similar device to enter the required temperature. which allows the microprocessor to compare the data from the sensor with the pre-set value that the person have input.

If the temperature is higher than the value then the microprocessor activates the compressor however if it is less than the value it will do the opposite.

There are other outputs for example it can include a ligh-emiting diodes (LEDs) which indicates the temperature of teh inside of the refrigerator. It is also include a warning buzzer which activates if the door left open.

Freezers also work on the same principles but the temperature of the freezer is much lower than the refrigerator.

Companies have to pay a lot of money to advertising companies for the service.

types of advertising

Methods of advertising

It tends to be the cheapest form of advertising which allows organisations to advertise nationally and Internatioally at much cheaper rates than other forms of advertising.

Refrigeration

Construction project management

Organisation must have its own website. Web designers are employed who wll produce a website to the organisation's specification using Web Authoring Package.

Examples

Of

Control

Systems

Product advertising

Cost is a limiting factor as designers tend to charge a large fee.

Website

Website

What features do a website need?

it may need to have whole range of multimedia. It must be easy to for the user to Navigate. In order to make it easy for users the designer should use hyperlinks to other pages or sites. the name of the organisation, as well as products or services it offers must be obvious to the user and also a contact details for the organisation.

What designers need to use to create the website?

Multimedia presentation

The organisation must be aware of the power of search engines. Thy might need to find out why certain websites appear in the first ten hits after a potential customer types in their search criteria. It is important to find out a way of getting to the top of this list of matching websites when searches are made.

  • Scanner(to input hard copy pctures)
  • Microphones to input voiceovers
  • Speakers so that they can check the sound input has been successful and is of sufficient quality
  • Video cameras to upload videos
  • Digital cameras to upload photographs.

Business advertising

Advertising on otehr people's websites

It is a large printed piece of paper which is used to advertise products or services. There size are usually A1 however billboard posters are much longer. Why billboard are longer? becuase they have printed by professional printers. They can be produced using word-processing, desktop-publishing or presentation software. Presentation software is often used because it has the ability to use paper sizes in excess of those available. Images and text are combined together in a way to make the poster call the target audience. Posters can be used to advertise a local event or to advertise a product or services

Flyers

Service advertising

It is a single-page leaflet. It can be used to advertise a concert. They tend to be used by individuals or small businesses. They have a limited impact because they are generally used to advertise in the local community. Individuals and organsations use PCs and printers.

They doesn't take very long to produce using a basic desktop-publishing software. Which allows the accurate placing of text and Image. The software comes with a libary of clipart.

Posters

Getting into an online directory

Advertising on other people's websites

It maybe a cheaper alternative to advertise on existig websites. Many wbsites allow other organisations to advertise on their site.

There are two methods of this method:

  • To simply add a banner to the top of the screen advertising the organisation its products or services
  • POP-UP Advertising where little windows suddenly appear on top of the web page when an idividual accesses to a website.

They are small windows that are place underneath the web page being accessed. In other word It is a small window that appears when you close the page that you are working on

What POP UNDER means?

Posters

What are the advantages of the pop under?

They are not removed by the pop p blocking and the consumer regards pop under as less of a handicap than pop ups.

Both can be linked to the organisation's own website.

  • images
  • hyperlinks
  • image transition

is that a pop-up instantly grabs the attention of the customer

What are the advantages of POP-UP ads?

It is not only for construction of buildings, however it is now applied to different project. It involves a critical path method of finding the optimum time to be spent on individual tasks.

What is meant by critical path?

It is the order in which tasks must be completed so that the entire project is completed on time.

The developed software helps to identify the progress being made with specific sub-projects and helps with daily and weekly planning. it contributes to plaing future tasks.

Flyers

What are the disadvantages of POP-UP ads?

a person that doesnot want to see it may make an alert decision to avoid the organisation in the future.

many users have pop-up blocking software that obviously stops them from appearing.

They can be used on purpose-uilt display monitors placed in strategic locations.

  • animation
  • text
  • special text effects

It is on all the time wheneve the mall, shops opens. The user cannot switch it off with the remote control or click it off with the mouse button. They are quicker, easier to update

what are the advantages of multimedia presentation?

What are the features of a presentation software?

Organisations can advertisie their name by getting it included in an online directory.

They are for businesses and service providers.

It is not only been place in the alphabitic order but it is also placed in the correct section.

Getting into an online directory

  • Air-Conditioning Systems
  • Refrigeration
  • Central-Heating Systems
  • Car Manufacture
  • Medical Applications
  • Process Control

Multimedia presentations

What are the equipments needed for consumer to use online directory?

They need a PC, Speakers, with modem or Internet connection.

  • sound/music
  • video
  • slide transition

It involve the use of batch processing. which means that files that are needed are stored on separate magnetic tapes.

What are the two data files that are involved in the process?

1. master file which holds all the data about the workers or anything. The data that includes the employee number. The employee number is used as Key field and the file is stored in that order.

2. Transaction file which temporary file that contains some data which can change from week to week or month to month. It contains details of the number of hours worke. It also have details of any new workers or workers that have left the company or workers that changed any details.

How does it work?

At the end of the week or month, it depends on how the workers are paid. The master file is processed using the transaction file. Before processing, the transaction file has to be stored in the same order as master file. Then computer calculates the pay of each worker using the number of hours worked contained in the transaction file and the rate per hour from the master file. Then payslips are then printed, with the reports showing overall statistics. The record from the old master file are read and updated using these calculation and any addition or deletions. These records are written to a new tape which becomes a new master file.

The reports consists of financial report and payslips and manythings. So the old master file contains the data that was up to date at the end of the week or month. and then the same process again for the next week or month.

What is the use of Gantt charts?

Research and development projects

It support these projects with calendars, timescales, Gantt Charts.

It is used in many aspects of research and development. they help individuals and organisations t plan out the tasks that are involved in process.

What are the two main types of activity?what is meant by sequential and parallel?and examples?

1.sequential 2.parallel. Sequential activity are the activities that cannot take place until others have happened. ex: You cannot but an engine into a car body until the body has been made. Parallel activity are the activities that are independent of each other. ex: While some workers are assembling the car engine or painting the car, some can putting the car seats together.

How does the system works?

Publishers have several printing plants and the complete newspaper, in digital form in fax form, afterwards it is sent up to a satellite and then transmitted by the satellite to the various outlying printing plants continuously.

After the editor has accepted the layout of a page in the newspaper, they need to send it to the printing plant.

Transmitting completed pages

The phone call is processed using interactive voice responce(IVR) software. It doesnot require human response. Automatic services can be accessed by the caller who connects to the system database via the IVR system.

Call centres are used for the purpose of taking calls and responding to request for help. Each operator sits at a desktop commputer that is connected via a dedicated telephony server to the company's phone line. Each computer has a headset connected to it. The computer must be fitted with computer telephony cards and each computer is linked to a telephony communications switch.

Why computers need a sophisticated computer software?

Because, many operators will be accessing the same line at the same time.

Computer Telephony Integreation Software (CTI)

What CTI used for?

It is used to integrate all aspects of the system together.

What does it do?

It sends commands from the operator's computer to the telephony server. However, the operator's computer has no direct connection to the phone, but any computer in the network has the potential to control any phone in the telephone system.

What are the features of CTI software?

2.

CTI allows the computers to direct the phone call to the operator or the solution. For the queue calls, the system needs to be able to transfer the call to the suitable expertise.

What are the ways to send the page to the printing plant?

what are the CTI two forms?

  • It combines the data and voice input to the system.
  • It displays the caller's number
  • There are multiple dialling techniques.

However for a smaller publishers is to burn a CD or transmit the newspaper in digital format using a WAN.

1.

1. First-party call control works by allowing the operator to have a direct connection between their computer and the phone set. which means that the operator's computer can control the function of the operator's phone. this type is unsuitable for any except for the smallest call centre.

2. Third-party call control is the software that being used in the large call centres, however it requires a dedicated telephony server to control all the phones. The operator's computer cannot connect directly to the phone set but it may do connect in physical way. Any computer in that system can be used to control any phone. Which allows supervisors.

Examples:

the page is printed and the image of the page is then burned onto light-sensitive film. Then the film is placed in a large fax machine which is used to transfer the image to the print plant

  • Utility companies such as gas companies make use of call centres where operators give customer support. they are able to help customers when customers want to pay their bills. They can deal with any reports of poor service or lack of supply. Furthermore, The automated service carries reports in any known problems.
  • Mail order catalogue firms, they offer customers help in the form of payments and account information. Call centre operators are used to accept orders or questions about orders
  • Computer hardware and software suppliers and manufaturers offer technical support. They are operators that have technical expertise and are willing to help customers whos computer are not working as it should be.

The script is generated by softwaare, separate to the telephony software and appears on the operator's screen. Then he asks questions that are relevant to the query and also it will contain possible advice which will be giving depending on the reply. In addition the operator will have access to online technical support/help because he cannot answer it and it is not in the script. the system should have a link to the customer's file on the system.

Operator's earn lower wages, the cost of buying or renting premises is also low. that's in UK

2.8 Payroll Applications

Payslips

What is the definition of Fax? How does it work?

What is phone conferencing?

It is short of facsimile transmission. Well it is connected to a phone line. A document of your choice is scanned and then transmitted through phone lines to another fax machine that then prints it out.

Faxing

It is when we link several people together on a phone line so they can have a collective sonversation

Why companies retain their offices?

What workers need to be a teleworker or homeworker?

Financial Reports

What does it mean

by home working?

What does it require? How it is used?

Phone

Conferencing

Some companies do that because it is best for the company and some is based on the request of the workers.

  • They need a PC with Internet access
  • Access to E-mail
  • A fax machine
  • A landline phone
  • A mobile phone
  • A printe/photocopier ( the printer should be either laser or inkjet)
  • they need to have appropriate software
  • A scanner if they need to put together work or artwork

Furthermore, it is possible that people can hold the conference using a mobile phone(telephone), landline telephons or voice over the Internet protocol (VOIP)

Office-based Working

It requires the use of a modem and so the speed of the transmission tends to be slow. It is used when the exact original copies are required, although the quality if the copy is sometimes not very good.

Home Working

OR

Teleworking

What other important decision that managers need to take?

What is VOIP?

What kind of jobs are suitable for teleworking?

It contains information that can be found on the new master file and also from the transaction file.

What does the master file provides?

it provides information such as the tax code, number of hours worked, national insurance number and year to date values.

  • Managers
  • Writing
  • Book editing
  • Technical and customer support
  • Telesale and Marketing
  • Tax advice
  • Legal advice
  • Financial advice
  • proofreading of documents and books

They need to take provision of support and the technology involved. Also, they need to include their employee in various activites that other employees experience:

  • Training sessions at head office
  • staff meetings
  • company outings

What are the fear of the companies?

  • Professional services

When the teleworks need to contact the office?

These workers will need word processing and web browsering software. However for the tax adviser will need to have a spreadsheet and database software. Most of these jobs are suitable because they tend to do an individual basis/job.

what the manager need to know to approve that the employee can work at home?

  • to be able to manage their time well
  • to be well motivated
  • have a good communication skills
  • have good self-discipline
  • have good time management skillsç
  • need to be abke to contact the office and how that contact would take place

some may have to make a personal detail with the office atleast once a week and others may have to send an e-mail daily

All of the above help the employee from home and the manager to be part of the team.

Also the manager wish that teleworkers and employees in general use time and project management software.

It means when some or all the work is being done at home by using modern technology.

It is the use of phones connected through computers to the Internet. However, each member must have a touchtone phone.

Important decision that managers need to take

Some organisations tend not to have a fax machine. However, they tend to have "all-in-one" printer.

What are the components of "all-in-one" printer?

How does it work?

Many companies think that by giving employees the opportunity to work at home, the workers may send their time doing non-productive activity like watching TV or hang out with friends. Also, they have feelings that the data is safe or confidential if it is being sent outside the company.

They are inkjet printers which have scanning and faxing facilitess built into them

At least three people must be involved. Each member have a Personal Identification Number(PIN) which they use after dialling the phone number for the conference.

it provides detailed payroll listing and exception reporting.

the aluminium plate has to be fixed to the actual printing press. The printing press consists of three rollers or cylinders (1. Plate cylinder, 2. Blanket cylinder, 3. Impression cylinder).

what is the common method of printing newspapers?

it is called web offset lithography.

What "offset" refers to?

it refers to the fact that the plate doesnot actually touch the paper being printed on.

How does it work?

the roller with the plate attached has ink directed onto it and it then rotates against the blanket cylinder which is rubberised and this roller forms an image from the plate roller. As it rotates the blanke roller presses against the paper causing the image to print. The final cylinder is just to press the paper against the blanket cylinder.

the copies of the newspaper are cut into separate versions of the newspaper which are stacked into bundles. then it loaded onto a delivery trucks for distribution

Touchtone

phone

On the other hand, many uses of fax are being replaced by the use of e-mail and other internet services.

Printing

What are the examples of financial reports?

What are the uses of fax in other countries and industries?

Why employees are concerned?

How the Electronic Faxing works?

What can the PIN do?

It uses the internet for faxing. Rather than printing out a document and fixing it using a fax machine, the user "prints" the document directly to the fax software.

What electronic faxing use?

faxing

They use modem or broadband to send the fax.

Electronic

The PIN can give the members access to the conference and they can join in with the conversation and discussions that already takes place

Many employees have fear of isolation for example they plan to meet their colleagues during their breaks. Moreover, number of employees are nervous of losing their jobs, because if they are out of the normal daily office routine they might be easier to lay off when the company is looking to make redundancies.

The reciever will recieve it either by the fax machine or if he have the same type of software (as the sender), then he can convert the message into a document for storage.

In UK, signed documents are not to be legally acceptable when it is sent by e-mail but they are acceptable by fax. In USA, weather maps are delivered by government bodies using fax. Newspapers are prepared at a central location and then printed at a number of printing plants. The publishers send copies of their books/newspaper by fax to these plants using fax via satellite

1.

By the developments of ICT devices and systems have made it easier to work from home. The number of people working from home are increasing year by year.

The development of Technology enabled people to become less tied to an office to do their work. Technology have ability to communicate to people from a distance which has led to employees working away from office for susbtantial periods of time.

How the teleworkers can stay in contact?

The worker can use a broadband connection or the Virtual Private Network (VPN).

Workers use portable devices when they are away to business purpose.

Such as: mobile phone, tablet, or Laptop with a wireless network. And they use the PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) that contains the similar features or a portable device.

What are the advantages of electronic faxing?

2.

3.

It saves time ( going to the fax machine to retrieve ir send faxes)

4.

What happens after booking the conference?

5.

The equipment cost are lower as there is no need for a fax machine

What should the members do before doing the conference?

The company will give the person who organsied the conference two PINs by the phone company.

Running costs are lower as there is no need for a dedicated fax line

Confidential faxes are secure

2.5

Publishing

2.

members PIN

1.

It is not necessary to be in the office to receive faxes as they can be downloaded remotel.

Personal PIN

Desktop computers connected to a LAN/WAN

1.

What are the equipment required?

Afterwards, the organiser get in touch to all the people who are going to be involved in the conference and give them the PIN and the agreed date and time of the confrence. Just before the conference begins the organiser dials the phone and press the special PIN. And then the members dial the number and pree their PIN

Home working

They must agree first a time and date, then the organisation will book the conference with the phone company

Local Area Network

LAN:

Internet and E-mail facilities

2.

Wide Area Network

WAN:

Network Printers

3.

What is Instant Messaging?

Instant

Messaging

What is a videoconferencing?

It is the exchange of text messages between two or more people logged into a particular Instant Messagin services(IM) some of these are in right bottom of the frame.

It is an electronic equivalent to a conventional conference which is usually held in a confrence suit.

Remote Working

It is when employees work at a distance from the main office like travelling salesman.

What can employees use to carry out their work?

Why its an interactive service?

What employees want to be able to use videoconferencing?

2.9

Members can reply as soon as they recieve it to others that are logged in the same services.

  • PDAs or any other device that have a wireless connection
  • Mobile Phones
  • Laptops with wireless networking capability
  • PC with mouse and keyboard
  • Monitor
  • Speakers
  • Network Connecion
  • Webcam
  • Microphone
  • videoconferencing software for example SKYPE

What members of the conference need to do?

What are the rquirements?

Well, they need to log on to the system or Internet and During the software is running they can normally see and hear all the delegates involved like in the movie 2012.

How does it work?

You first need a username ( it is often an e-mail) and a password.

It is simple, members need to communicate by speaking through the microphone and looking at the webcam, Which is normally fixed to the top of the monitor or laptop. They are also able to look at documents by using normal software to discuss modifications or additions to the documents.

How can a first person add friends and talk to individuals?

It is used in a wide variety of applcations.

Medical Applicattions

EDUCATION

Nurses and doctors can discuss cases even though they are away from each other

Schools use it to communicate with normal schools, in distant locations

  • Information about all employees of the company
  • Information about employess in a given department
  • Information about the salaries of all employees
  • National Insurance contibutions for all employes
  • The income tax that each employee has paid
  • All the earnings and deductions of each employee by department.

The development of Videoconferencing

Businesses

Engineers that works on the site can use the PDA to e-mail their report. They are able to to view technical manuals which are relevant to their field of work and they can use high-tech database and word-processing software.

Doctors can use laptops that contains wireless network connected to a high security VPN. They are able to access their patients records.

Travelling salesmen they can take an advantage of wireless hot-spots with their laptop or PDA. In addition, they can use their mobile phones to contact other salesmen. They can conntect the office through the wireless connection of the hotel they are staying at.

The Remote Access Services(RAS) are available for any of these groups of workers. Which also allow them to access the desktop on their own PC when they are away at work.

It is the layout of the typed page.

What are the features?

At first, there was poor quality of transmition. However, It has been improved due to more or less low cost of fast Internet connections. There have been an increase in the quality of the hardware available.

Types of videoconferencing:

In business, they use it quite often instead of face to face conference and also they are being used for home working to be able to communicate with the office.

2.

Groups are involved rather than individuals.

1.

Reports of certain validation rules being broken are also produced from the system

examples:

  • An employee earning an unusually large amount of money
  • An employee who has been on an emergency tax code for a long period of time
  • Two employees having he same National Insurance Number.

each person have individual access to the conference

Well, first they have to make a list of people they want to contact-these individuals need to agree to be contacts or friends. Then he have to select the individual that he want to contact with.

If the contact happens to be online at that moment that individual can reply, leading to a conversation.

It is better than e-mail because at instant messages the messages are sent immediately, while e-mail messages need to be stored on a mail server for seconds or minutes.

The layouts of the page has to be created so that it is easy to read. which means that the correct font and size have to be chosen. In addition, there is a feature called kerning which mean that the space between individual letters in a word. The leading has to be accurately defined to give the correct appearance. The length is important between each line.

Before ICT, People were employed specifically manually to set the typed page out and still it can be easy to read.

How it is printted before ICT?

They use individual letter blocks which were inked up and then pressed to the paper for printing.

Video

Typesetting

Technical

&

Customer

Support

conferencing

Remote working

Practices

Working

Office-based working

Computerised plate making

Images are transferred to printing plates in the same way as photographs.

How does it work?

First, ultraviolet light is allowed to pass through the film negatives to expose the printing plate. When they are exposed to light, a chemical reaction occurs which allows the light sensitive coating on teh aluminium to develop the image.

Videoconferencing

2.2

Electronic

Faxing

Instant

Messaging

Faxing

Companies use computers with large storage capacity. They need to have the appropriate grahic software installed. Which is referred to as image-editing software, as it is used to alter the appearance of images that have been imported into the software using any input devices.

Phone Conferencing

What are the features of the software?

  • Crop
  • Rotate an Image
  • look at three-dimensional views
  • draw lines and other geomatric shaps
  • access to clipart
  • Flip
  • fill parts of the image with colour
  • remove scratches from photos
  • add text in a variety of fonts
  • access to photo galleries

It have the facility to store libraries of designs so that the same basis for a design can be used over and over again.

What devices can be used to manipulate these images?

&

Art

Either a mouse or a tracker ball

2.10

Design

work

By Abdel Rahman Khaled

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