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THANK YOU!!!

"The important thing is not to stop questioning.

Curiosity has its own reason for existing."

Conclusions

Exendin-4 is the active component of Byetta (exenatide) injection, which may improve glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes and has the potential to reduce plasma glucose at least partly by a delay in gastric emptying as well as by reducing calorie intake.

Exenatide was generally well tolerated and was associated with weight loss.

"Venomous Lizard’s drool a treatment for diabetes and compulsive over-eaters"

UNDERGRADUATE

SEMINAR

  • The Gila monster is a terrestrial lizard, and is most active at dawn and dusk. Since the body temperature of Gila monsters depends on environmental temperature, these lizards are less active during the winter in northern parts of their range. Gila monsters can live for 20 years in captivity.
  • The Gila monster eats a wide range of small animals, bird eggs and nestlings, earthworms, and carrion.
  • Like most lizards, the Gila monster uses its forked tongue and an associated sensory organ on the roof of the mouth for chemosensation, an important aid to finding its food

Jeremy L. Nacido

BS Biology 4B

Gila Monster

( Heloderma suspectum)

Dopamine

  • is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers.
  • The head is large, with small, beady eyes; the tail is short and fat.
  • is the chemical that mediates pleasure in the brain. It is released during pleasurable situations and stimulates one to seek out pleasurable activity or occupation. This means food, sex, and several drugs.
  • is produced in the dopaminergic neurons in the Ventral tegmental area of the midbrain the substantia nigra pars compacta and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

The Gila monster bites and chews a wound in its victim, into which the venom flows by capillary action along deep grooves on the lizard’s teeth. The Gila monster is a tenacious biter, using its venomous bite to immobilize prey, and to defend itself against predators. The bite of a Gila monster is painful, but rarely fatal to a human.

The venom glands synthesize and store a potent toxin that can cause paralysis of the cardiac and respiratory systems of vertebrate animals.

The Gila monster has venom glands on the front part of the lower jaws.

  • They are dessert dwellers, living near washes and arroyos and in a semiarid rocky regions of dessert scrub or grassland.

Food Cravings?

  • The Gila monster is a large, heavy- bodied lizard reaching a little over 1¼ feet in length.
  • They belong to the family name Helodermatidae.

"Lizards"

Alcohol Cravings?

Jeremy Ll. Nacido

BS Biology 4B

Researchers at the Salgrenskha Academy at the University of Gothenburg

Assistant Professor Karolina Skibicka and her colleagues

Exenatide

  • Exenatide is the synthetic version of exendin-4
  • is the first in a new class of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes called incretin mimetics

  • with a brand name called BYETTA

Type 1 diabetes is an immune disorder in which the body attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body cannot produce insulin and glucose stays in the blood, where it damages all the organ systems.

Byetta is an injectable prescription medicine that may improve blood sugar (glucose) control in adults with type 2 diabetes , when used with a diet and exercise program.

Type 2 diabetes is a disorder in which either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the cells ignore the insulin. Similar to type 1 diabetes, type 2 causes a build-up of glucose in the blood which damages the body’s organ systems. This form of the disease is commonly referred to as adult-onset diabetes.

Diabetes?

Less serious side effects

  • nausea
  • upset stomach
  • diarrhea or constipation
  • dizziness
  • headache
  • feeling jittery.

Gila monster's spit

Type I diabetes

VS.

Type II diabetes

GLP-1

Glucagon-like-peptide-1

Serious side effects

  • swelling
  • weight gain
  • feeling short of breath
  • urinating less than usual or not at all
  • drowsiness
  • confusion
  • mood changes
  • increased thirst
  • diarrhea
  • dull pain in your middle or lower back
  • severe pain in your upper stomach spreading to your back
  • vomiting
  • fast heart rate
  • it is a 37 amino acid peptide produced from proglucagon.
  • is an incretin derived from the transcription product of the proglucagon gene.
  • is the intestinal L cell that secretes GLP-1 as a gut hormone.

Extracting saliva from a

Gila Monster

Exendin-4

  • is a 39 amino acid peptide produced exclusively by the salivary glands of the Gila monster, Heloderma suspectum
  • has prolonged plasma glucose-lowering properties.
  • In healthy humans, GLP-1 stimulates beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin when blood sugar levels get too high.

But in humans with type 2 diabetics, the GLP-1 message system can break down because the signal to make more insulin is weak or missing.

Dr. John Eng

  • Found that the saliva of the Gila Monster contains a hormone that treats Diabetes better than any other medicine.

Exendin-4 has a longer half-life than GLP-1 and has very recently been shown to have a hypoglycemic effect in humans when given twice a day for one month.

Exendin-4 effect to those with Type II Diabetes

Like glucagon and glucagon-like-peptide 1, exendin-4 increases insulin release only following meals.

Exendin-4 is presently being tested by several pharmaceutical firms and may possibly be used in treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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