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Louise Temple
- As technology improves, employers are required to have a working knowledge of their organizations software, machinery and advanced equipment.
- Industrial/organizational psychologists must also move with this new era to take into account the stress of changing environments, ability to adapt and perform at the required level.
- This has opened up the field further, providing I/O psychologists with the opportunity to cater for worker stress in a changing environment by providing employees with the means to adapt to such changes.
- Robert Yerkes assisted the U.S army in designing an intelligence test that could be used on a large scale for the placement of recruits.
- This led to the use of Alpha and Beta tests; a development and alteration to the Stanford-binet intelligence test, used to cater for both literate and non-literate recruits.
- Post-war integrated the emergence of a revolutionized outlook towards personnel issues due to the civil rights legislation.
- This involved the Civil Rights Act (1964); banning discrimination in the workplace, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967, 1978) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) to enforce equal opportunities within employment.
-Elton Mayo inadvertently discovered through a series of studies the effects of informed observation in the workplace. Originally testing for the optimal level of lighting for performance, workers appeared to improve performance regardless of changes to lighting.
- Mayo concluded that the knowledge of observation coupled with positive expectations of the outcome resulted in higher performance levels.
- The opposite can also be attained through negative expectation via perceived work restriction such as through changes in the environment.
- Before World War II the American Psychological Association had no interest in the experimental or applied fields within psychology, however in response to the expansion of industrial/organizational psychology via the military the APA created Division 14, to which industrial and business psychology emerged; later evolving as industrial/organizational psychology
- Hugo Munsterberg (1913) : an experimental psychologist interested in work and personnel selection for particular jobs
- Walter Dill Scott (1908) : The first professor in this field who also explored the study of salespersons and the psychology of advertisement
- Frederick W. Taylor (1911): founder of the science management movement AKA time-and-motion-studies which involved breaking down tasks into measurable components to find the most efficient method for worker output.
Reference for Division 17
Jex, S (2002). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.
Koppes, L (2007). "History of Industrial/Organizational Psychology in North America." Encyclopedia of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Ed. Steven G. Rogelberg. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference, 2007. 312-317. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Mar. 2011.
Spector, P (2008). Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice (5th ed). Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.
Original source: History of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Meacham, W. http://wesleymeacham.hubpages.com/hub/History-of-Industrial-and-Organizational-Psychology