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African Trypanosomiasis/Sleeping Sickness

Trypanosoma Brucei

Transmission

  • The microscopic parasite is transmitted through the tsetse fly

Geography

  • The tsetse fly is found only in rural Africa

  • T. b. rhodesiense is found in eastern and southeastern Africa

  • T. b. gambiense is found in central Africa and some parts of west Africa

History

Facts/Statistics

  • With T. b. rhodesiense a few hundred cases are reported each year

  • Animals are the main disease reservoir for T. b. rhodesiense

  • With T. b. gambiense 7,000-10,000 reported cases yearly

  • Humans are the main disease reservoir for T. b. gambiense
  • There are a few written accounts of sleeping sickness before medieval times

  • A lot of early research on the disease was due to slave traders trying to reduce losses

  • Some slave traders knew the signs of the disease and avoided buying slaves with symptoms

Prevention/Treatment

  • There are multiple drugs to treat the disease based on its stage and type

Biology

  • Pentamidine, nifurtimox, suramin, eflornithine, melarsoprol
  • Wear long sleeve shirts and thick pants, avoid bushes, check cars before entering, and use insect repellant
  • The parasite is injected into the bloodstream from the saliva of the tsetse

  • They transform into their effective form and spread in bloodstream

  • They multiply and eventually reach the central nervous system

Signs/Symptoms

T. B. Gambiense

  • Recurring fevers, headache, muscle ache, swollen lymph nodes, itchy skin, weight loss and feeling ill
  • Second stage occurs between 1-2 years
  • Personality changes, sleep irregularity, confusion, partial paralysis and, balance problems
  • Most die after a few years and a few live six or seven years

T. B. Rhodesiense

  • Develops rapidly
  • Chancre develops where the bite occurred
  • Fever, swollen lymph nodes,muscle

aches, and headaches, and rash in the first couple weeks

  • Second stage involves neurological

damage and death within months

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