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Spirituality

from a

Caring Science Perspective:

A Qualitative Metasynthesis

Phenomenology: Philosophy or Research Method?

Appropriate for Nursing Research?

Phenomenology

Edmund Husserl

Biography

(Rykkje, Eriksson and Raholm, 2011)

  • 1859 – 1938
  • Mathematician, Physicist, Philosopher
  • Post positivist, humanistic
  • Professor at the University of Freiburg
  • Influenced by Brentano
  • Wrote 'Logical Investigations'
  • Phenomenology as the science of Philosophy

Spirituality in Nursing

Metasynthesis

Caring and Spirituality

Themes defining Spirituality in Nursing (an elastic term):

  • Religion
  • Meaning/purpose in life and connection with others
  • Nonreligious beliefs and values
  • Metaphysical or transcendental phenomena
  • It is perceived as an important part of nursing, but how can it be seen from a caring science perspective?
  • 17 studies synthesized
  • Gadamer's hermeneutic approach utilized
  • Connectedness with inner space
  • Interaction with connectedness with
  • higher power
  • nature
  • others community
  • Love in connectedness
  • Caring science sees the human being as indivisible: mind, body and spirit
  • Nurses need to meed their patients needs, including spiritual, regardless of their own beliefs
  • The use of the spiritual approach can identify resources which can aid the patient's recovery

Husserl's Epistemology

Husserl looks for the indubitable truth

Synthesizing

Methodology

  • Humans as subjects knowing objects
  • How do we become conscious of things?
  • Humans know by experiencing things
  • What are the things themselves (could be real objects or sensations)
  • Phenomenology as a descriptive philosophy of the lived experience
  • Bracketing
  • A transcendental philosophy
  • Text reviewed using software to identify common word groups
  • Five partially overlapping categories were found
  • Connectedness with a higher power was found to be a broader category than Religion
  • A force was identified as connecting the five categories, they found that 'Love' emerged in all five categories
  • Results were looked at from an ontological level, a phenomenological level and a concrete level
  • They identified 'Love in Connectedness' as a powerful resource
  • Nurses can provide spiritual care by being with the patient
  • Gadamerian hermeneutical methodogy used
  • Studies were carefully reviewed and interpreted
  • Through the metasynthesis, phenomena were examined and synthesized into a new whole
  • A hermaneutic spiral began with pre-understanding; progressed through interpretation to application.
  • In application a new vision of the world may appear
  • Peeling away the layers - philosophical reduction

References

Hermeneutics

For

Nursing Research

Bethany Powell

PhD student

NGR 7115– Fall 2013

Martin Heidegger

Converse, M. (2012). Philosophy of phenomenology: how understanding aids research. Nurse Researcher, 20(1) 28-32. Retrieved from http://rcnpublishing.com/journal/nr

Cowling, W. R. (2004). Pattern, participation, praxis and power in unitary appreciative inquiry. Advances in Nursing Science, 27(3) 202-214. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/advancesinnursingscience/pages/default.aspxEncyclopaedia Brittanica. (2013). Edmund Husserl. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277553/Edmund-Husserl

Encyclopaedia Brittanica. (2013). Hans-Georg Gadamer. Retrieved November 9, 2013 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277553/Edmund-Husserl

Encyclopaedia Brittanica. (2013). Martin Heidegger. Retrieved November 9, 2013 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277553/Edmund-Husserl

Gadamer, H. (1993). The enigma of health: The art of healing in a scientific age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Rykkje, L., Eriksson, K., & Raholm, R. (2011). A qualitative metasynthesis of spirituality from a caring science perspective. International Journal for Human Caring, 15(4), 40 – 53. Retrieved from http://www.humancaring.org/journal/

Tuohy, D., Cooney, A., Dowling, M., Murphy, K., & Sixsmith, J. (2013). An overview of interpretive phenomenology as a research methodology. Nurse Researcher, 20(6) 17-20. Retrieved from http://rcnpublishing.com/journal/nr

Youtube video

Biography

  • 1889 to 1976
  • From Roman Catholic to member of the National Socialist Party (Nazi)
  • Student of Husserl
  • Dedicated his first book - Being and Time to Husserl
  • Revoked Husserl's Library privileges (Husserl was Jewish)
  • After WWII was not permitted to teach for five years
  • All 3 philosophers saw their life's work as a philosophy
  • The human scientists saw it as a research methodology
  • It has had profound impact on nursing research and philosophy
  • A CINAHL search using the key words 'phenomenology', 'research' and 'nursing' produced 1,216 results.
  • Nurse Researchers have used it, some from a Husserlian objective, descriptive perspective, others from the Hermaneutic, interpretative perspective.
  • This is reminiscent of the quantitative vs qualitative argument
  • The Husserlian approach requires reflective bracketing
  • The Hermaneutic approach requires skillful interpretation of transcribed interviews or text
  • Recent Nurse Researchers are using approaches which specifically originate in our own body of knowledge, such as Cowling's Unitary Appreciative Inquiry, which can be informative or transformative

Heidegger's Ontology

  • Dasein
  • What is the meaning of Being?
  • Hermeneutic circle - researcher as part of the world of the investigation
  • Interpretation aids in the understanding of the subject
  • All interpretation is subject to prejudice
  • An existential philosophy

Hans-Georg Gadamer

1900-2002

Gadamer's Hermaneutics

  • Student of Heidegger
  • Language as the means to interpret phenomena
  • Communal understanding
  • Allowed for prejudices and fore-knowledge
  • Felt that science should serve the people's knowledge and practice
  • Wrote of praxis - the practical application of values
  • Wrote of the science and art of medicine or healing
  • Questioned whether science could prove whether it was the physician's intervention that brought about a cure or restored the natural equilibrium
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