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Updated Nov. 26, 2020

Transcript

Unit O.

Practice O

Paste the beginning part of the passage.

Paste the ending part of the passage~

Paste the whole passage here~

Paste the middle part of the passage.

Paste the answer options here~

Chapter Review 32p~33p

Unit 1. practice 2

Unit 1. practice 1

to 부정사 (목적)

1. Children today are “safe.” Their only worries consist of fights with their parents, going to school, and dealing with the list of activities that they’re signed up for. But what’s going on? If they’re “safe” and living “well,” why do they experience so many problems? Children have learned to be cautious; a lot of kids have even lost that innate curiosity that no one should ever lose. The big problem is that they are exposed to large flows of information that are hard to process. It’s even hard for us. That’s why being exposed to so much stimuli causes stress that they’re incapable of tolerating. All this causes children to grow up quickly, going through their developmental stages without enjoying them. They don’t live their childhood the way they should, which could cause them serious problems that are difficult to solve later on.

Students must understand that the college essay is the best way for an admissions committee to know something about them, but it cannot be the vehicle to know everything about them.

to 부정사 (형용사)

To find instances of bias by omission, be aware of the conservative and liberal perspectives on current issues. See if both the conservative and liberal perspectives are included in stories on a particular event or policy.

(for an admissions committee)

의미상의 주어 반복 - 생략

to 부정사 (보어, 명사적)

A reporter’s job is to present a balanced story. As you read, listen to and watch the news, you may notice stories that you think are biased.

A reporter’s job is to present a balanced story. As you read, listen to and watch the news, you may notice stories that you think are biased. One of the forms in which bias occurs is leaving one side out of an article, or a series of articles over a period of time; ignoring facts that tend to disprove liberal or conservative claims, or that support liberal or conservative beliefs. Bias by omission can occur either within a story, or over the long term as a particular news outlet reports one set of events, but not another. To find instances of bias by omission, be aware of the conservative and liberal perspectives on current issues. See if both the conservative and liberal perspectives are included in stories on a particular event or policy.

Perhaps the hardest thing for students to realize about the college application essay is that it is not their life story in five hundred words or less. In my experience, students try to give a complete picture of who they are, where they’ve come from, and what they want to do— all in a few hundred words! While any admissions committee would like to have the flexibility and time to read complete histories of each and every student, the simple truth is, there is not enough time. Students must understand that the college essay is the best way for an admissions committee to know something about them, but it cannot be the vehicle to know everything about them.

① responsibilities of a newspaper reporter

② ways to avoid bias when writing an article

③ the impact of news bias on readers’ beliefs

④ how bias by omission is created in the news

⑤ conservative and liberal views on journalism

Perhaps the hardest thing for students to realize about the college application essay is that it is not their life story in five hundred words or less.

① How to Get the Reader Interested in What You Say

② Don’t Pick a Poor or Overused Topic When Writing

③ A Rule of College Admissions: Obey the Word Limit

④ Why Students Should Spend So Much Time on the Essay

⑤ Show a Slice of Life, Not the Whole Story in Your Essay

2. A few days before Christmas, a couple held the hands of their young son and walked quickly to their nearby church. But the boy pulled back a bit, slowed, and came to an abrupt halt. “Santa,” he whispered. “Santa!” The four-year-old broke free of his parents’ grasp and ran toward an elderly gentleman with a long, flowing white beard. Tugging on the stranger’s coattail, the youngster begged, “Santa, will you bring me a teddy bear for Christmas?” Embarrassed, the couple started to apologize, but the man merely waved them aside. Instead, he patted their son on the head, nodded once, and without a word went on his way. On Christmas morning, a knock interrupted the family’s festivities. In the doorway stood the old man holding out a large bear. “I didn’t want the little fellow to be disappointed on his holiday,” he explained with a smile and turned to leave. At a loss, the couple could only say, “Uh, th-thanks. And M-merry Christmas to you... Rabbi.”

severe fight back/ react

immediately/ serve/ ancestor

attack/ physically/ worsen

response/ guilty/ respond to

in particular/ harsh/ deal with

manner

occur vi. 발생하다

v-ing 동명사 (보어)

① origins of violent human behaviors

② benefits of social media technology

③ importance of taking time in responding

④ relationship between health and heartbeat

⑤ difficulties in controlling emotional reactions

One of the forms in which bias occurs is leaving one side out of an article, or a series of articles over a period of time; ignoring facts that tend to disprove liberal or conservative claims, or that support liberal or conservative beliefs. Bias by omission can occur either within a story, or over the long term as a particular news outlet reports one set of events, but not another.

In my experience, students try to give a complete picture of who they are, where they’ve come from, and what they want to do— all in a few hundred words! While any admissions committee would like to have the flexibility and time to read complete histories of each and every student, the simple truth is, there is not enough time.

to 부정사 (형용사)

Vt. O

3. Uncertainty and freedom are intertwined. College students cannot decide whether they appreciate the freedom they have or resent it. You may be free from daily supervision by parents, free to pick classes and a major, and free to set a professional course. But those choices seem so numerous and important that you may be frozen with fear. You might quickly retreat to conventional choices (like medical school) or depend on influential advisors (like your parents) before giving yourself a chance to figure it out. Try not to confuse the joys and privilege of free choice with the fears of uncertainty. It may be scary to look at an open landscape, but it can and should be a thrilling moment of possibility.

Unit 2.

Practice 2.

Unit 2.

Practice 3.

Unit 2.

Practice 1.

Unit 2.

Practice 4.

Beliefs are powerful. They directly affect our feelings and behaviors, and so, the course of our lives. Most of the choices we make every day are the result of our beliefs, whether we’re conscious of it or not.

Let’s face it: for most people, giving a presentation is going to be a stressful experience. Giving a presentation is a performance. A show. An act. A drama. The presenter is on display to the whole world as he or she bares all to reveal himself or herself to the audience.

It would be far easier to feed nine billion people by 2050 if more of the crops we grew ended up in human stomachs. Today, only 55 percent of the world’s crop calories feed people directly; the rest are fed to livestock (about 36 percent) or turned into biofuels and industrial products (roughly 9 percent).

]

Paste the ending part of the passage~

= on show

= regardless of our consciousness of it

to bare all

= to take off all the clothes

feed O (on O ) vt.

~에게 ( ~을 ) 먹이다

be fed (to sb / on sth)

vi (먹을 것이) 제공되다, (먹는 주체가) ~을 공급받다

feed n. 먹이 [U,C]

When completing math problems, it is important to avoid “answer-only” completions for several reasons. First, simply writing the answer to a problem without the procedure that precedes it negatively encourages students to produce careless errors.

the very thing vs the last thing

= when you are naked on display

Unit 1.0

When you face a severe source of stress, you may fight back, reacting immediately. While this served your ancestors well when they were attacked by a wild animal, it is less helpful today unless you are attacked physically. Technology makes it much easier to worsen a situation with a quick response. I know I have been guilty of responding too quickly to people, on email in particular, in a harsh tone that only made things worse. The more something causes your heart to race, the more important it is to step back before speaking or typing a single word. This will give you time to think things through and find a way to deal with the other person in a healthier manner.

In other words, the written-out procedure supports the answer; if the procedure is not shown, it is much easier to make a computation error. Second, lack of a written-out procedure does not allow students to identify the origin of an answer or how an answer to a problem is derived.

Though many of us consume meat, dairy, and eggs from animals raised on feedlots, only a fraction of the calories in feed given to livestock make their way into the meat and milk that we consume.

(which are being)

The last thing you, as the presenter, need at this difficult time is anything that is going to get in the way of you giving your best performance. You don’t really want any distractions right now. You want to remove from your environment any obstacles or dangers that are not strictly needed.

S get in the way of [ s' v'-ing ]

= S prevent s' from v'-ing

When you choose a bagel over a donut, it might stem from the belief that a bagel is better for you, or the belief that you’ll like the taste better. This choice could affect your health and happiness for the rest of the morning.

4. Dear Principal Murphy,

Brian is settling in well as a third-grade student at Fairview Elementary School. I do have a concern, though, about the food offered in the school cafeteria. The choices do not seem to have any relation to recognized medical studies about such things as excessive fat, sugar, and useless junk food. A recent menu included fried fish with fried potato nuggets, a hot dog with potato chips, and fried chicken with French fries. The most healthful piece of food seemed to be a small piece of green pepper floating on a sea of cheese on a pizza. I don’t feed my child this sort of junk at home, and I don’t think it’s appropriate for school. I would very much like to talk to the school dietitian about the offerings at school.

Sincerely,

Karen Diamond

(which has been)

distraction [C] = anything (obstacle, danger)

derive vi. 나오다

vt. O (from~에서) ~을 얻다

Paste the middle part of the passage.

(목, 관)

(which)

~를 위해;

~에 대해; ~마다

ad. + S / a. / ad. / v

= not to distract you

For every 100 calories of grain we feed animals, we get only about 40 new calories of milk, 22 calories of eggs, 12 of chicken, 10 of pork, or 3 of beef. Shifting to less meat-intensive diets could free up substantial amounts of food across the world.

With this in mind, this is a list of things which you can safely leave behind on your desk or in your bag when you are called to the podium: your mobile phone, watch, pens, keys, and coins.

shifting to ~로 전환하기

If you choose to take earth science instead of oceanography, it might stem from the belief that you’ll enjoy the subject more, or maybe from the belief that it will be easier. This choice could affect your ability to stay awake in class, your grade point average, or even your choice of college.

(a student)

Third, lack of procedure contributes to poor study habits in note-taking and sloppiness, which may have negative consequences when taking tests. In short, homework and in-class math assignments should always include both procedures and answers when answering questions.

<2> = remain + a

considerable,

hefty,

sizeable,

handsome

수업 중의

leave sb/sth behind

1) Britain is being left behind in the race for new markets.

2) She knew that she had left childhood behind.

0) (literally) You can leave your phone behind on the desk.

(a student)

affect ? effect

The choices affected by your belief

affect again other aspects of your life

Unit 1.

Unit 2.

Unit 1. practice 3

Unit 1. practice 4

hang - hung - hung vi. 걸리다, 늘어지다

vt. 걸다

hang - hanged - hanged vt. 교수형(목 맴)을 하다

commitment (to the goal to be the best)

(that)

목.관

(being)

분사구문

And the eight medals they hung around his neck in Athens, six of them gold, reflect that commitment. “I think that everything is possible as long as you put your mind to it and you put the work and time into it,” Phelps said.

Furthermore, people who are habitually mindful of their current experiences are more likely to experience frequent and intense positive emotions, to feel self-sufficient and competent, and to have positive social relationships, while those who are not usually mindful report more illness and physical symptoms.

attentive to ~

aware of ~

put one's mind to sth. : ~ 하기로 결심하다

Inspired after competing alongside the world’s best swimmers as a fifteen-year-old in the Sydney Olympics, American Michael Phelps set out in earnest to be the best all-around swimmer four years later in Athens. To get there, he didn’t stay in the pool two and a half hours every day—and double that on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays— just to become good. He didn’t do it because it was great exercise. He did it because he had a specific goal to become the best in the world. And the eight medals they hung around his neck in Athens, six of them gold, reflect that commitment. “I think that everything is possible as long as you put your mind to it and you put the work and time into it,” Phelps said.

① educational benefits of mindfulness

② necessity of reflecting on past experiences

③ positive effects of mindfulness on well-being

④ correlation between mental health and physical health

⑤ psychological risks of feeling several emotions at once

① Respect the Process Rather than the Results

② Committing to a Specific Goal Leads You Somewhere

③ Fierce Competition Results Solely in Immediate Profits

④ Everything Is Possible with the Help of Those Around You

⑤ Let Go of Past Achievements to Make Room for Future Goals

A series of studies conducted at the University of Rochester focused on people high in mindfulness—that is, those who are prone to be mindfully attentive to the here and now and keenly aware of their surroundings. It turns out that such individuals are models of flourishing and positive mental health. Relative to the average person, they are more likely to be happy, optimistic, self-confident, and satisfied with their lives and less likely to be depressed, angry, anxious, hostile, self-conscious, impulsive, or neurotic. Furthermore, people who are habitually mindful of their current experiences are more likely to experience frequent and intense positive emotions, to feel self-sufficient and competent, and to have positive social relationships, while those who are not usually mindful report more illness and physical symptoms.

set out to v

v 하고자 출발(일에 착수)하다

가주어 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 진주어

to 부정사(목적)

It turns out that such individuals are models of flourishing and positive mental health. Relative to the average person, they are more likely to be happy, optimistic, self-confident, and satisfied with their lives and less likely to be depressed, angry, anxious, hostile, self-conscious, impulsive, or neurotic.

To get there, he didn’t stay in the pool two and a half hours every day—and double that on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays— just to become good. He didn’t do it because it was great exercise. He did it because he had a specific goal to become the best in the world.

not ... because A

(to get there; to become good, to engage in great exercise)

(but) ... because B

(to reach the specific goal = to be the best)

Unit 5. practice 1

Unit 5. practice 2

creditor [ ˈ kredɪtə(r) ] <-> debtor [ ˈdetə(r) ]

(결과)

Now his creditor had gone to court and soon his house would be confiscated. He and his family would be homeless. Vidyasagar listened to ③ his story patiently, noting the names and dates and the details. “I shall do my best to help you,” ④ he promised.

noting ... 분사구문

<- while he notes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar

philanthropist

turn up in court for hearing

청문회/공판(범죄 등을 제시한 후 다른 이(들)의 판단을 듣는 공식 자리)를 위해 법정에 나타나다

In January 2004, George Wilson of Glebe Gardens, Edinburgh, Scotland, walked ① his children to school and saw an old man outside a still-closed shop in St. John’s Road. Later, when Mr. Wilson took his children home, ② he saw the old man at the same place. Later, in the evening, ③ he went out for a pint, and he saw the old man again, this time outside another shop. Taking pity on the man, who ④ he knew now was homeless in weather that was forecast to be -1℃, Mr. Wilson gave the old man, who was dressed only in jeans and a sweater, things to keep ⑤ him warm: a fleece and a blanket. The old man appreciated the gifts.

<4>

Once, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the well-known social reformer, was walking on the streets of Kolkata when he heard an old man crying. He approached the man and asked what was troubling him.

forecast - forecast(ed) - forecast(ed)

In January 2004, George Wilson of Glebe Gardens, Edinburgh, Scotland, walked ① his children to school and saw an old man outside a still-closed shop in St. John’s Road.

Taking pity on the man, who ④ he knew now was homeless in weather that was forecast to be -1℃, Mr. Wilson gave the old man, who was dressed only in jeans and a sweater, things to keep ⑤ him warm: a fleece and a blanket. The old man appreciated the gifts.

Once, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the well-known social reformer, was walking on the streets of Kolkata when he heard an old man crying. He approached the man and asked what was troubling him. “Everyone wants to know my problems, but no one is ready to help me!” replied the old man. On Vidyasagar’s insistence, the old man at last poured his anguish out in words. A few years earlier, he had borrowed some money from a man, by mortgaging his house. Now his creditor had gone to court and soon his house would be confiscated. He and his family would be homeless. Vidyasagar listened to his story patiently, noting the names and dates and the details. “I shall do my best to help you,” he promised. When the old man turned up in court for his hearing the following week, he was surprised to hear that all his debts had been paid up fully. His benefactor was none other than Vidyasagar!

When the old man turned up in court for his hearing the following week, he was surprised to hear that all his debts had been paid up fully. ⑤ His benefactor was none other than Vidyasagar!

to 부정사(형용사) <5>

walk ~ to vt. 걸어서 ~를 데려가다

(완료)

none other than ~

(강조) 바로 ~

Later, when Mr. Wilson took his children home, ② he saw the old man at the same place. Later, in the evening, ③ he went out for a pint, and he saw the old man again, this time outside another shop.

“Everyone wants to know my problems, but no one is ready to help me!” replied the old man. On Vidyasagar’s insistence, the old man at last poured 1 his anguish out in words. A few years earlier, 2 he had borrowed some money from a man, by mortgaging his house.

(he saw him)

반복 - 생략

(계속)

"Courbet"

US vs. UK

Unit 6.

Practice 1.

Unit 6.

Practice 4.

Unit 6.

Practice 3.

Unit 6.

Practice 2.

Although volunteer positions in Hustai are available year-round, most volunteers choose the spring, summer, and fall months, because winters in the Mongolian steppes are bitterly cold and inhospitable.

Gustave Courbet was born in 1819 in Ornas, France. His family was very well-off financially, and he received all of the education that lifestyle could offer. He was sent to Paris to study law in 1840.

sweep vt. 쓸다, 치우다

vi. 빠르게 지나가다

영향을 미치다

= unwelcoming

Common Sense, written by Thomas Paine, swept through the American colonies in 1776 during the opening months of the American Revolutionary War. It sold more than 120,000 copies in three months and changed the whole nature of the debate among the colonists.

= be bought

Paste the ending part of the passage~

Common Sense

( published by Thomas Paine )

The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence in July 1776 as the United States of America.

avoid, finish, mind + V-ing

stop, deny, help, quit

Unit 6.

In this book, Thomas Paine declared that only complete independence from Great Britain would bring prosperity to America. Without Common Sense, the American Revolution might have been shaken, and the establishment of the new United States would have been postponed indefinitely.

Against his father’s wishes, however, Courbet quit studying law and began his pursuit of a career as an artist. Many of his early works were in the Romantic tradition, but by the age of 23, Courbet had settled into his niche of painting Realistic works.

스와힐리어 (동아프리카에서

가장 널리 쓰이는 언어)

Perhaps the very best time to visit is July, when herdsmen come from miles around to participate in the three-day Naadam Festival, an ancient and colorful competition of horse racing, archery, and wrestling—once called the “three manly games.” The Naadam Festival started as a religious event but has evolved into a celebration of Mongolian statehood.

Stone Town, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is one of the oldest districts on Zanzibar, an island off the coast of Tanzania. This former Swahili trading town is a labyrinth of tiny streets and alleys, markets, mosques, and other historic buildings—including the Anglican church on the site of the old central slave market, East Africa’s largest slave-trading port.

n. evolution

evolve from/into

= develop from/into

develop vi. vt.

Unit 5.

vt. A and / with B

vi.

Paste the middle part of the passage.

the Realism movement

<1>

At first, Common Sense was published anonymously in January 1776. It soon emerged that an English free thinker named Thomas Paine had written it. Within weeks, the short book—barely 20,000 words long—was being reprinted throughout the colonies.

= well-known; renowned ; famous

He became the leader of the Realism movement in art. He chose themes from everyday life and did not exclude what might be considered ugly. He believed that paintings should be of things that were in the present and of subjects that could be seen every day.

The horse race, with thousands of horses competing, takes place not on a track, but over high-altitude Mongolian grasslands. The race is a long-distance one, kicked off with a special song (“Giin-Goo”) that all the horses know. The jockeys are children, ages 7 to 12, who wear colorful costumes. The top five winners are celebrated in poetry and song.

Combining Persian, Indian, European, Arab, and African architecture, Stone Town has been occupied by humans for three centuries and is famed for its beautifully carved wooden doors. The House of Wonders, the former palace of Sultan Syyid Barghash, is open to the public. Its other claim to fame is that Freddie Mercury, the lead singer of Queen (a British rock band) was born there.

과거+진행+수동

(한동안) 재인쇄가 (계속) 되었다

(to be)

(being)

( because it sold well )

~에 관한; ~를 보여주는

subject

주제, 과목, (그림, 사진 등) 소재, 실험대상, (문법) 주어, 신하

Queen

Bohemian Rhapsody

Unit 5. practice 3

Unit .5 practice 4

So our young professor again came forward and showed ③ his superior abilities very boastfully, as if to utterly crush the strange musician.

(he were)

<3>

as if (S were) to v

S V 생략된 가정법, be to v (의도)

"마치 ~(v) 할 것처럼"

Nevertheless, he was so moved by the poet’s tale of sorrow that he offered ③ him the only means of assistance within his power to give.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blacklock

to 부정사(형용사)

분사구문

= abilities

such N as to V

such N that (S can) V

"S가 ~(V)할 정도인 N"

David Hume was visited by the poet Thomas Blacklock, who complained at great length about his misfortunes: blind and poor, ① he no longer had the means to support his large family and did not know where to turn for help. Although ② he was in financial difficulties himself at that time, Hume managed to secure, through the influence of a friend, a university appointment worth about forty pounds a year. Nevertheless, he was so moved by the poet’s tale of sorrow that he offered ③ him the only means of assistance within his power to give. Taking from his desk the grant for the university post, he handed it to ④ his unfortunate friend and promised to have the name changed from Hume to Blacklock. This generous sacrifice almost certainly saved Blacklock and ⑤ his family from extreme poverty.

But when it again became the stranger’s turn to play, ④ his performance was given with such brilliance of execution as to utterly defeat the young professor, who disappeared and was seen no more that evening. ⑤ He had been contending with Paganini, one of the world’s great violinists.

Taking from his desk the grant for the university post, he handed it to ④ his unfortunate friend and promised to have the name changed from Hume to Blacklock. This generous sacrifice almost certainly saved Blacklock and ⑤ his family from extreme poverty.

It is not always safe to laugh at one whose abilities seem to be less than our own. This lesson was painfully learned by a young violin professor of Berlin at an evening party, to which ① he had been invited. He played several pieces, not with great applause, however. After ② he finished, another young man was invited to play, but his playing was worse than that of his predecessor; in fact his style and execution were terrible. So our young professor again came forward and showed ③ his superior abilities very boastfully, as if to utterly crush the strange musician. But when it again became the stranger’s turn to play, ④ his performance was given with such brilliance of execution as to utterly defeat the young professor, who disappeared and was seen no more that evening. ⑤ He had been contending with Paganini, one of the world’s great violinists.

to 부정사 (형용사)

(과거완료 + 수동)

~ a young violin professor of Berlin at an evening party, where he had been invited ( ).

= whom to turn to

의지할 대상(사람 등)

과거완료 진행

be invited to N(event).

be invited to V.

Although ② he was in financial difficulties himself at that time, Hume managed to secure, through the influence of a friend, a university appointment worth about forty pounds a year.

After ② he finished, another young man was invited to play, but his playing was worse than that of his predecessor; in fact his style and execution were terrible.

worth ~ : ~ (정도)의 가치가 있는

Unit 9. practice 1

Unit 9. practice 2

= why (should/do) you drink~?

왜 그럴까/그래야 할까?

This made a lot of sense. Climates and soils differ, so why drink ordinary wine from your backyard if you can buy a smoother variety from a place whose soil and climate is much better suited to grape vines? If the clay in your backyard makes stronger and prettier pots, then you can make an exchange.

Jesus wandered the wilderness. Mohammed sat in the cave. Buddha went to the mountaintop. Find your own mountaintop and don’t come down without your own thoughts, opinions, and values.

ad. well - better - best

suited to/for ~ : ~에 적합한

(

① travel

② education

③ cooperation

④ independence

⑤ specialization

The modern world is so interconnected and constantly plugged in that finding the time and space to think can be difficult. However, without freedom from the influence and distractions of the world, it is virtually impossible to develop well-reasoned opinions, ideas, and values. History shows a lot of examples of the transcendent power of (solitude). Darwin took long walks without company and firmly turned down dinner party invitations. Moses spent time alone in the desert. Jesus wandered the wilderness. Mohammed sat in the cave. Buddha went to the mountaintop. Find your own mountaintop and don’t come down without your own thoughts, opinions, and values.

① honesty

② solitude

③ creation

④ tolerance

⑤ observation

The rise of cities and the improvement in transport infrastructure brought about new opportunities for specialization. Densely populated cities provided full-time employment for carpenters, priests, soldiers and lawyers.

The rise of cities and the improvement in transport infrastructure brought about new opportunities for . (specialization). Densely populated cities provided full-time employment for carpenters, priests, soldiers and lawyers. Villages that gained a reputation for producing really good wine, olive oil or ceramics discovered that it was worth their while to concentrate nearly exclusively on that product and trade it with other settlements for all the other goods they needed. This made a lot of sense. Climates and soils differ, so why drink ordinary wine from your backyard if you can buy a smoother variety from a place whose soil and climate is much better suited to grape vines? If the clay in your backyard makes stronger and prettier pots, then you can make an exchange.

tran'scend v.

한계를 넘어서다

= exceed

History shows a lot of examples of the transcendent power of solitude. Darwin took long walks without company and firmly turned down dinner party invitations. Moses spent time alone in the desert.

Villages that gained a reputation for producing really good wine, olive oil or ceramics discovered [ that it was worth their while to concentrate nearly exclusively on that product and trade it with other settlements for all the other goods () they needed ].

worthwhile a. 가치가 있는

(it is)... worth sb's while (to v) : sb가 v할 만(하다)

Unit 10.

Practice 1.

fixed ; unchangeable

More than 2000 years ago, Aristotle wrote that happiness is a condition. It is not something that is achieved by pursuing it directly; rather, it is something that comes out through our engagement in purposeful activity. This is the statement of the law of indirect effort.

Many people believe that their intellectual ability is hardwired from birth, and that failure to meet a learning challenge shows [ how bad their native ability is ]. But every time you learn something new, you change the brain—the residue of your experiences is stored.

(decade)

Unit 10.

Practice 4.

Unit 10.

Practice 3.

Unit 10.

Practice 2.

What was a core competence in one decade may become a mere capability in another . For example, in the 1970s and 1980s quality, as measured by defects per vehicle, was undoubtedly a core competence for Japanese car companies.

(contrary to popular belief)

= whenever

in terms of the defects per vehicle measured

측정된 차량마다의 결함

native ; innate ; inborn ; genetic

= hardwired from birth ...

merely = only, simply

If we are what we eat, what is your teenage child? A bag of chicken and chips? A kebab? Litres of fizzy drink? The benefits of healthy eating and exercise are well documented and it is silly of us, as parents, to think [ we can feed our teens mostly junk food then expect them to perform at their best ].

Paste the ending part of the passage~

(that)

ad. O almost

X most

Paste the ending part of the passage~

Unit 10.

condition

happiness, pleasure, delight...

This law simply says that almost anything we get in life involving emotional experiences comes to us indirectly rather than directly. It comes to us as a result of doing something else. If we pursue happiness directly, it eludes us. But if we get busy doing something that is important to us and make progress in the direction of our dreams, we find ourselves feeling very happy.

It’s true that we start life with the gift of our genes, but it’s also true that we become capable through the learning and development of mental models that enable us to reason, solve, and create.

the brain equipped with more abilities

<5>

In this age of pesticides, hormone treatment additives (hence the well-built structure of today’s pre-teens), etc. that are in foods, both parents and teens need to understand [ that mental and physical well-being are aligned with what we eat ].

Superior reliability was an important value element for customers and a genuine differentiator for Japanese car producers. It took more than a decade for Western car companies to close the quality gap with their Japanese competitors, but by the mid-1990s quality, in terms of initial defects per vehicle, had become a prerequisite for every car maker.

align A with B

= (un)healthy food

Unit 9.

Paste the middle part of the passage.

Self-confidence is also subject to the law of indirect effort. We achieve higher levels by setting and achieving even higher goals and objectives. As we move forward, step by step, once we feel ourselves advancing in life, we feel better and more capable of taking on even more challenges.

Paste the middle part of the passage.

In other words, the elements that shape your intellectual abilities lie to a surprising extent within your own control. Understanding [that this is so] enables you to see failure as a badge of effort and a source of useful information—the need to dig deeper or to try a different strategy.

There is a dynamic at work here that is common to other industries. Over long periods of time, what was once a core competence may become a base-line capability. Quality, rapid time to market, and quick-response customer service — once genuine differentiators — are becoming routine advantages in many industries.

Depression, aggression, lack of focus, headaches and so much more can be improved with the right foods. Be open to this, for yourself and your young person.

Unit 9. practice 3

Unit 9. practice 4

The innovative blend of traditional and modern decision-making by committees that reflect traditional leadership makes this a successful social, economic and environmental initiative. This is one example of how community action and innovation are key to ( sustainable land management ) in Africa.

A way for a man to announce to the world, simply, “I am.” Creating is a primal need, but without an institutional directive to create, the internal fire to do so can flicker and die, or worse yet, we may start to believe that (making things) is only for certain types of people, not for us.

<3>

= create things

= enthusiasm

The small community of Zorborgu, near Tamale in northern Ghana, comprises mainly farmers. They decided to stop burning crop residues and protect their community forest to reduce the risk of wildfires that cause widespread land damage. As a result, crop yields have increased and the water in a pond near a sacred grove is available throughout the year for farming, livestock watering and domestic use. The community forest also provides herbal medicines. The innovative blend of traditional and modern decision-making by committees that reflect traditional leadership makes this a successful social, economic and environmental initiative. This is one example of how community action and innovation are key to ( sustainable land management ) in Africa.

① making things

② reading minds

③ seeking the truth

④ predicting the future

⑤ coming up with ideas

Unlike previous generations, fewer and fewer modern men experience the satisfaction of tangible creation in the workplace. We move numbers around on a screen, manage people who manage other people, or sell advice, ideas, or someone else’s creations. For many of us, the shift from working with our hands to working with our minds has created an unfulfilled need for connection with the physical world we live in. Physical creation (beyond the more abstract “creativity”) provides that connection. A way for a man to announce to the world, simply, “I am.” Creating is a primal need, but without an institutional directive to create, the internal fire to do so can flicker and die, or worse yet, we may start to believe that (making things) is only for certain types of people, not for us.

① teaching future leaders

② changes toward diversity

③ improving children's literacy

④ sustainable land management

⑤ reducing racial discrimination

As a result, crop yields have increased and the water in a pond near a sacred grove is available throughout the year for farming, livestock watering and domestic use. The community forest also provides herbal medicines.

For many of us, the shift from working with our hands to working with our minds has created an unfulfilled need for connection with the physical world we live in . Physical creation (beyond the more abstract “creativity”) provides that connection.

(which ; that )

in which we live = where we live

전치사 + 관계대명사 = 관계부사

C.Rp.91

Unit 11. practice 1

Unit 11. practice 2

inquire sb sth

inquire sth of sb

bully vt. (약자를) 괴롭히다,

n. 괴롭히는 사람 bullies p. 집단

bullying n. 괴롭히기

bullied a. 괴롭힘을 당하는

the bullied

the bully

Imagine what would happen when the pharaoh showed up on a work site and inquired of a supervisor, “How’s it going, are you about done yet?” “Not yet boss, it’ll be a few more years, I’m afraid.” No wonder tombs were seldom finished within the pharaoh’s lifetime! And no wonder so few first‒ level and mid‒level employees bring their full emotional and intellectual energies to the task of restructuring.

(It is) no wonder (that) ...

...는 놀라운 일이 아니다

The story is read to the children, and they discuss how Sarah feels about what her cat, Ralph, is doing. Some of his actions are breaking one of Sarah’s dolls, making fun of her, sawing off a limb that holds her swing, and other terrible things. The children can dramatize some things () they may do, while the teacher offers other options. This drama experience could be extended to drawing about the happenings of bullying.

(It is)

(that)

‒

① the pharaoh could not take his wealth with him

② laborers were willing to participate in building tombs

③ tombs were seldom finished within the pharaoh’s lifetime

④ the pharaoh and the common people were destined to die soon

⑤ only experienced laborers could be involved in building tombs

① is a great way to boost self‒ confidence and concentration

② could be extended to drawing about the happenings of bullying

③ leads the children to think about protecting animals and wildlife

④ would give some students opportunities to develop their acting skills

⑤ will be able to help students know the importance of extensive reading

provoke vt.

Many middle managers and first-line employees must feel like the laborers who built the pharaohs’ tombs. Every pharaoh hoped to build for himself a tomb of such intricate and deceitful design that no marauder would ever be able to enter it and steal the pharaoh’s wealth. Think of the laborers as middle managers in the midst of corporate restructuring. All the workers knew that when the tomb was finished they would be put to death—this was how the pharaoh destroyed any memory of how to find the wealth. Imagine what would happen when the pharaoh showed up on a work site and inquired of a supervisor, “How’s it going, are you about done yet?” “Not yet boss, it’ll be a few more years, I’m afraid.” No wonder (tombs were seldom finished within the pharaoh’s lifetime) ! And no wonder so few first‒ level and mid‒level employees bring their full emotional and intellectual energies to the task of restructuring.

An issue receiving much attention in the media and schools is bullying. This is seen as repeated, unprovoked abuse by one or more children that causes physical or psychological pain to another child. Bullying is harmful and can affect the classroom climate in a negative way. Drama can be used with children to build social perspective, emotional empathy, and compassion for others. In drama, the characters can work through a number of difficulties, including bullying. Tabone (2003) uses the children’s book Rotten Ralph, a story about a rotten cat, for a class drama. The story is read to the children, and they discuss how Sarah feels about what her cat, Ralph, is doing. Some of his actions are breaking one of Sarah’s dolls, making fun of her, sawing off a limb that holds her swing, and other terrible things. The children can dramatize some things they may do, while the teacher offers other options. This drama experience (could be extended to drawing about the happenings of bullying) .

어느 약탈자도 ~할 수 없을 정도

introduction to bullying & its influence

deceive vt. 속이다

(self-) deceit, deception n. (자기-) 기만, 속임수

to 부정사(부사, 목적)

in the midst of (doing sth.)

Drama can be used with children to build social perspective, emotional empathy, and compassion for others. In drama, the characters can work through a number of difficulties, including bullying. Tabone (2003) uses the children’s book Rotten Ralph, a story about a rotten cat, for a class drama.

Think of the laborers as middle managers in the midst of corporate restructuring. All the workers knew [ that when the tomb was finished they would be put to death ] — this was how the pharaoh destroyed any memory of { how to find the wealth }.

the way (that)

(for a grave robber)

The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. (A) , tourism’s relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants and shops. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. (B) , tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance the protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance.

put sb. to death (능)

sb. be put to death (수)

There are several ways in which your self image has become distorted. For instance, imprinting. I was at a shop, and a mother came in with a child in a buggy. The child was terrible. It cried and shouted. So the mother said: “Why do you always behave so badly when you are in a shop with me?” Now, that’s a stupid remark, but one which can easily slip out of any parent. In the subconscious mind of the child, however, the message is received loud and clear. Next time she goes shopping with her mom, she will wonder: “Who am I when I go shopping with mom?” And the information will readily pop up, with the authority of the mother’s voice: “You are someone who always behaves badly when you are with me!” So, of course the child will .

Unit 12.

Practice 1

Our beliefs about emotions not only describe what is, whether in fact or myth, but they also prescribe what should—or should not—be. For example, you should not laugh during a funeral.

현재 (느끼는) 감정

당연/바람직 (한/하지 않은) 감정

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses

Unit 12.

Practice 4

[웃음 / 슬픔] ------> [장례식의 엄숙함]

감정에 대한 생각 (부)적절한 태도

Unit 12.

Practice 2

Unit 12.

Practice 3

Paste the ending part of the passage~

Unit 11.

The ancients recognized seven activities as arts: history, poetry, comedy, tragedy, mask, dance, and astronomy. Each was governed by its own muse, each had its own rules and aims, but all seven were united by a common motivation: they were tools, useful to describe the universe and our place in it.

= they can be effective...

((the ways)가 가능한한, 충분히 효과적이도록)

As you assess your behaviors, attitudes, and values, you may realize that you are acting in ways that aren’t as effective or appropriate as possible. How can you best change your behaviors, attitudes, and values? A strategy is useful. Focus on what you have done well in the past as well as on what you are currently doing well.

Verbal communication involves conveying messages that have both content (i.e. what is said) and form (i.e. how it is sent). Many coaches are very good at giving information that is high in content, for instance, when introducing new tactics or technical skills.

Paste the ending part of the passage~

high in ~

~ 이 풍부한

Paste the ending part of the passage~

Unit 12.

We each have our own car.

In addition to regulating how we respond, many rules also have an enabling function. To illustrate with a nonemotional example, rules of grammar regulate how a person speaks “properly”; more fundamentally, they help constitute the language that is spoken.

그런 의미에서(처럼)

(that)

By focusing on your successes instead of your problems, you can more quickly accomplish the results you desire. For example, golfers such as Tiger Woods or Annika Sorenstam are able to ignore hostile crowds, challenging weather conditions, and their competition.

They were methods of understanding the mysteries of existence, and as such, they themselves took on the aura of those mysteries. As a result, they were each aspects of religious activity: The performing arts celebrated the rituals; history recorded the story of the race; astronomy searched the heavens.

However, players may “switch off,” become bored, confused and even frustrated if too much instruction is given. Furthermore, when coaches continually use verbal instruction, they become the main actors in the coaching theater thereby limiting or stopping the active participation of the players.

= coaches

a. = difficult, demanding, testing

(능력을 요구(시험)하는)

(s, p)

= the people who are competing against sb.

hostile vs. hospitable

inhospitable welcoming

hostility hospitality

Paste the middle part of the passage.

Thus, without the rules of English grammar, there would be no English language. Similarly, without the rules of anger, say, there would be no anger, only unclear expressions of rage or frustration.

Paste the middle part of the passage.

(the coach)

vt.

They focus their energy on accomplishing the task—striking the golf ball cleanly. Similarly, when people are depressed or anxious about their communication ability, they can lessen these feelings by focusing on situations where they have succeeded in not being depressed and anxious.

In each of these seven classical arts we can discover the roots of contemporary cultural and scientific categories. History, for example, leads not only to the modern social sciences but also to prose narrative: the novel, short stories, and so forth.

Therefore, by involving the players through asking questions and listening to them, a coach obliges them to think, collect information, evaluate and create. This involves and encourages players to take more responsibility for their own learning and development.

= diminish

= players themselves

Unit 11. practice 3

Unit 11. practice 4

cut ↔ off = interrupt

If someone cut them off on the road, they contributed to that outcome in some way. Maybe they were driving in the other car’s blind spot, or they weren’t paying close enough attention, or they didn’t anticipate the lane change of a car. That is how leaders are— they take full responsibility.

If you want to really widen your space, you might even spread books in front of the other chairs, keeping the whole table to yourself by giving the impression that others have just stepped away.

the belief in their contributing to the result

(all) to oneself

자기 것으로

= not shared with others

blind spot

We all surround ourselves with a “personal bubble” that we go to great lengths to protect. We open the bubble to our friends, children, parents, and so on, but we’re careful to keep most people out of this space. When we stand in line, we make certain there is enough space so that we don’t touch the person in front of us and aren’t touched by the person behind us. At times, (we extend our personal space) . In the library, for example, you may place your coat on the chair next to you—claiming that space for yourself even though you aren’t using it. If you want to really widen your space, you might even spread books in front of the other chairs, keeping the whole table to yourself by giving the impression that others have just stepped away.

① you reserve areas for friends

② we extend our personal space

③ somebody gets too close to you

④ people look for a silent place to relax

⑤ personal bubbles are socially constructed

① their duty is to choose the best policies

② they can find answers through inspiration

③ they create whatever happens in their life

④ sharing a burden is better than doing it alone

⑤ they understand what others need and want from them

(is)

Responsibility is an attribute that great achievers have in common. No matter what their background or life history, true leaders seem to share the belief that they are the source—the creator. In other words, they are responsible for the outcome of their actions. On some level, they generated the outcome, if not by their physical actions, then by their mental actions. They seem to believe that (they create whatever happens in their life). That is their bottom line. If someone cut them off on the road, they contributed to that outcome in some way. Maybe they were driving in the other car’s blind spot, or they weren’t paying close enough attention, or they didn’t anticipate the lane change of a car. That is how leaders are— they take full responsibility.

목.관

any, some, extraordinary...

not by ~ but by -

~가 아니라 -에 의해

if not by ~, then by -

(만약)~가 아니라면/도, 그러면 (대신) -에 의해

On some level, they generated the outcome, if not by their physical actions, then by their mental actions. They seem to believe that they create whatever happens in their life. This is their bottom line.

everything that

this belief

sometimes

When we stand in line, we make certain [ there is enough space so that we don’t touch the person in front of us and aren’t touched by the person behind us ]. At times, we extend our personal space. In the library, for example, you may place your coat on the chair next to you—claiming that space for yourself even though you aren’t using it.

Unit 13. practice 2

in the future when he is grown-up

As an adult, his inner critic will attack both his behavior and his worth. Parents who carefully distinguish between inappropriate behavior and the basic goodness of the child raise children who feel better about themselves and have a far gentler inner critic.

Unit 13. practice 1

대안(다른 방안)으로,

Alternatively, the company may be reorganized and some people given early retirement, thus freeing up funds for computer equipment.

(may be)

A child who hears a stern warning about the dangers of running in the street will have better self-esteem than a child who only hears that he’s a “bad boy” when he runs into the street. ①The child who’s a “bad boy” is getting the message that he and his behavior are not okay. ②He doesn’t learn the difference between what he does and what he is. ③As an adult, his inner critic will attack both his behavior and his worth. ⑤ Parents who carefully distinguish between inappropriate behavior and the basic goodness of the child raise children who feel better about themselves and have a far gentler inner critic.

A child who hears a stern warning about the dangers of running in the street will have better self-esteem than a child who only hears that he’s a “bad boy” when he runs into the street.

(Parents yelled at their son, seeing him running)

"Don't run in the street!"

vs.

"You, bad boy!"

An expansion of resources involves a reworking of the budget for the purpose of determining how additional funds can be found.

Sometimes conflict can be resolved through an expansion of resources. ① For example, a department may need five computers but has a budget for only three. ② However, by talking the finance people into delaying the purchase of other equipment, there will be more money left for departmental computers. ③ Alternatively, the company may be reorganized and some people given early retirement, thus freeing up funds for computer equipment. ⑤ An expansion of resources involves a reworking of the budget for the purpose of determining how additional funds can be found.

Sometimes conflict can be resolved through an expansion of resources. For example, a department may need five computers but has a budget for only three.

Functional Areas of a Business (회사 부서명)

http://foundersguide.com/functional-areas-of-a-business/

The child who’s a “bad boy” is getting the message that he and his behavior are not okay. He doesn’t learn the difference between what he does and what he is.

Message A

"running in the street"

= bad behavior

Message B

"running in the street"

= bad person

However, by talking the finance people into delaying the purchase of other equipment, there will be more money left for departmental computers.

Unit 14.

Practice 2

by~

~ 차이로

Unit 14.

Practice 1

Art Movements 20th & 21st Century

It seems that/like S' V'

It seems as if/though S' V'

S' seem to V'

S' seem (to be) AP'/NP '

S' seem like NP'

점점 빨라지는

A key feature of the art scene in the 21st century is the impact of globalization—the accelerating interconnectivity of human activity and information across time and space. Aided by the Internet and mass media, awareness of the vitality of contemporary art in localities around the globe has grown tremendously.

Unit 14.

Practice 3

Unit 14.

Practice 4

Paste the ending part of the passage~

History of Psychology

a scientist

Despite all the spending, computers are not often used to do anything that couldn’t be done as easily — and more cheaply and effectively — with old-fashioned books, pencils, paper, and chalk.

Search for truths about nature is science. It is a creative activity. When one obtains a new insight into the working of nature, one is as much thrilled as, say, a painter or a sculptor when he creates a masterpiece.

= overjoyed

Paste the ending part of the passage~

an artist

The reason why people like Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung became interested in the study of dreams is [ that they saw them as a source of self-knowledge ]. ) In dreams our subconscious minds may reveal to us things that our conscious minds deny.

Paste the ending part of the passage~

to ~

= concerning~

~에 관(련)하여

Unit 13.0

In an experiment, when people were asked to count three minutes in their heads, 25‒year‒olds were quite accurate, but 65‒year‒olds went over on average by 40 seconds. Time seemed to pass faster for the older group. This may seem meaningless, but there are a lot of benefits to perceiving time like 65‒year‒olds. For example, if you have been working on a project for eight hours, but it only feels like six, you will have more energy to keep going. If you have been running for 20 minutes, and you perceive it to be only 13 minutes, you’re more likely to have seven more minutes of energy. One of the greatest benefits of getting older is the cooling of passion — not rushing to quick action. So, if you want to use your energy to work longer, just change your perception of how long you have been working.

Unit 13.

Unit 14.

“Interactive” whiteboards are too frequently used merely for displaying text or pictures to a dutifully seated class, not much different from what you can do with an overhead projector or chalkboard.

fairly similar to

Anyone with access to the Internet can follow developments in Shanghai, Sydney, São Paulo, or Nairobi. Simultaneously the increased movement of artists across borders and oceans has added to the intermixing of influences and artistic vocabularies. For example, Wangechi Mutu, originally from Kenya, pursued further education in South Wales and then in the United States.

= increased

What the work of Freud, Jung and others indicates is [ that we may not be able to arrive at full self-knowledge unaided ]. We may need others to help us see what and who we are.

the old way of teaching

aided by non-interactive tools

if we are not aided (by psychoanalysts)

running time

= 20 min

= understand

However, there is one major difference between science and the arts. Scientific effort is cumulative and cooperative, whereas each artistic creation is complete in itself.

Some tools are state of the art.

They are state-of-the-art tools.

a. 최신의, 첨단 기술의

computer, whiteboard vs. pen, chalkboard, OHP

additional

empty, with no pleasant features

Computers are used for mere word processing, to display cognitively bleak commercial software packages like PowerPoint, or to play dull educational games of uncertain merit. Computer “art” packages get used as bland substitutes for paint-and-paper art.

not interesting, monotonous

Wangechi Mutu

A very different approach is taken by Existentialist philosophers, who reject the very idea that there is such a thing as ‘human nature’.

=

a.

substitute v. n.

blank, flat...

existentialism (실존주의)

"Existence precedes essence."

(실존은 본질에 앞선다)

Paste the middle part of the passage.

Her collaged images of women are informed by African tribal arts, 20th-century European and American collage artists, and the latest illustrations from fashion, and medical sources, etc. Mutu is considered by many to be one of the most important contemporary African artists of recent years, and her work has achieved much global acclaim.

Paste the middle part of the passage.

Education at the age of high technology

can not make any progress

unless one can take a good advantage of it.

Paste the middle part of the passage.

the fact

a secret "I", divided, hidden

with a human nature

(constant/universal)

vs.

a whole existence = "I"

with no such a thing

(the idea may appear to be at the time)

In science, every newly established fact, however insignificant it may appear to be at the time, and every new idea, however small, is bound sooner or later to contribute to major advances in our understanding of nature. Even such a great physicist as Newton wrote: “If I can see a little farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”

But some educators are realizing that this is a dead end. They’re doing something different with technology in the classroom. These teachers have realized that the point isn’t to simply repeat more expensively what they’re already doing quite well with paper, pencils, and books. It’s to do new things that they currently can’t do.

the foreknowlege

ad. far-farther-farthest

further-furthest

According to them, we do not need to discover who we are because we are who we choose to be. Each individual creates his or her own nature through making certain choices, and what we can make, we can also change.

(with high-end teaching tools)

Unit 13. practice 3

Unit 13. practice 4

go back to ~

go (back) before ~

(과거)로 거슬러 올라가다

be loyal to ~

Let’s go back to our ancestors, back before elevators, escalators, cars, and even horses. This is when our human physiology was coming of age. Our ancestors had to move to survive.

human physiology

인간 신체 작용/기능

(학문) 인체 생리학

come of age

성숙하다, 발달하다

Some travel companies are very specific about what’s included in the price quoted for a trip, but in other cases, you’ll have to ask for details.

Let’s go back to our ancestors, back before elevators, escalators, cars, and even horses. This is when our human physiology was coming of age. Our ancestors had to move to survive. Not unlike most other mammals, humans had to expend much energy in order to acquire food and water. ① These early humans, with whom we share most of our physiology, were nomadic, and therefore moving was an essential part of their lives. ② As descendants of these nomadic people, our physiology is based on abundant movement and a diet of vegetables, fruits, nuts, fish, and infrequent, small portions of meat. ④ To the extent we have that, we are more likely to be healthy. ⑤ To the extent we don’t, problems arise.

(which was)

③ Some tour operators don’t commit to specific hotels but simply promise three- or four-star properties, so if you’re particular about lodging, ask where the group stayed on past trips. ⑤ And if you and your traveling companion want two separate beds, confirm that up front.

Some travel companies are very specific about what’s included in the price quoted for a trip, but in other cases, you’ll have to ask for details. ① “Some meals” might mean dinner but not breakfast or lunch, and “sightseeing” may mean a guide and local transportation but not admission fees or tips. ② Another good topic to investigate is your accommodations. ③ Some tour operators don’t commit to specific hotels but simply promise three- or four-star properties, so if you’re particular about lodging, ask where the group stayed on past trips. ⑤ And if you and your traveling companion want two separate beds, confirm that up front.

까다로운 fussy

As descendants of these nomadic people, our physiology is based on abundant movement and a diet of vegetables, fruits, nuts, fish, and infrequent, small portions of meat. To the extent we have that, we are more likely to be healthy. To the extent we don’t, problems arise.

♡인생은 아름다워~♡서유럽 4개국 10일 [런던,융프라우,베니스,폼페이]

https://hanatour.com/trp/pkg/CHPC0PKG0200M200?pkgCd=EW2182201104KE1&prePage=CHPC0PKG0100M200

(that)

that 의미

the physiology that had fully come of age

= the well-made physiology

the fact that you want two separate beds

(that)

= occur vi

to ... extent of ~

to ... extent that ~

~ 라는 ... 정도로

(an, the, such, great ... )

Not unlike most other mammals, humans had to expend much energy in order to acquire food and water. These early humans, with whom we share most of our physiology, were nomadic, and therefore moving was an essential part of their lives.

① “Some meals” might mean dinner but not breakfast or lunch, and “sightseeing” may mean a guide and local transportation but not admission fees or tips. ② Another good topic to investigate is your accommodations.

nomad 유목민

to 부정사(형)

expend : (에너지, 시간, 돈) 사용하다

expand : 확대하다, 확대되다

extend : 연장/확대하다

expenditure

expansion

extension

C.R4 p.118

Unit 15. practice 1

Unit 15. practice 2

Yet, when we are a hospital patient, and others don’t visit, most of us don’t spend time devising explanations for the non-visitors’ behavior. Instead, we are apt to dismiss them as selfish or “fair-weather” friends.

She took her idea to the board of Mattel, the company that she and her husband established, but it was rejected as being too risky and expensive. The executives only decided to back Ruth’s hunch when she returned from a trip to Switzerland with an adult doll called Lilli.

I do not care about their intentions !!

"The act itself" is what is important.

(which was)

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

One reason many of us have a higher regard for our own character than that of others is that we judge ourselves by our intentions and others by their acts, especially those acts we find annoying.

One reason many of us have a higher regard for our own character than that of others is that we judge ourselves by our intentions and others by their acts, especially those acts we find annoying. For example, if we don’t visit a friend or relative in the hospital, we usually don’t think of ourselves as having done something wrong. Instead, we rationalize, “I really did think of paying a visit; I just didn’t have enough time. But I wanted to go.” Yet, when we are a hospital patient, and others don’t visit, most of us don’t spend time devising explanations for the non-visitors’ behavior. Instead, we are apt to dismiss them as selfish or “fair-weather” friends. Therefore, in the future, make an effort to judge others by their intentions when their actions upset you, in the same way most of us judge ourselves when we have done something that has upset another.

As Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara growing up during the 1950s, she noticed that she and her friends seemed more interested in playing with adult dolls than with the traditional baby versions. Unfortunately, the only grown-up dolls available at the time were made of cardboard. Ruth became convinced that a three-dimensional alternative would be a commercial success. She took her idea to the board of Mattel, the company that she and her husband established, but it was rejected as being too risky and expensive. The executives only decided to back Ruth’s hunch when she returned from a trip to Switzerland with an adult doll called Lilli. Ruth’s doll went into production and was named “Barbie” in honor of her daughter. Barbie was unveiled at the 1959 American Toy Fair in New York. Mattel sold 351,000 Barbies in year one.

Therefore, in the future, make an effort to judge others by their intentions when their actions upset you, in the same way most of us judge ourselves when we have done something that has upset another.

Ruth’s doll went into production and was named “Barbie” in honor of her daughter. Barbie was unveiled at the 1959 American Toy Fair in New York. Mattel sold 351,000 Barbies in year one.

(which)

목.관

<5>

S V O o.C

We find those acts _________.

We find ourselves _________ at those acts.

annoy ?

https://timeline.com/history-of-gendered-children-toy-marketing-girls-boys-video-23e4eb822323

CR4.1

Giving people feedback about their past performance can be a powerful way to help them learn. Equally useful is “feedforward,” which means exploring new options for the future. Marshall Goldsmith, a management consultant, suggests a way to do this. First, talk about a specific, high-impact behavior that you’d like to change—for example, “I want to be a better listener.” Then gather with a small group of trusted friends and ask for suggestions about ways to accomplish your goal. To make this process work, avoid any conversation about what’s happened in the past. Examine the past closely because your actions in the past are a pretty good indicator of how you might act in the future. Focus instead on the next actions you intend to take.

Unfortunately, the only grown-up dolls available at the time were made of cardboard. Ruth became convinced that a three-dimensional alternative would be a commercial success.

(un)convinced of / that

For example, if we don’t visit a friend or relative in the hospital, we usually don’t think of ourselves as having done something wrong. Instead, we rationalize, “I really did think of paying a visit; I just didn’t have enough time. But I wanted to go.”

alter vi. vt. 바꾸/뀌다

alternate vi. vt. 교체/대 하(게 하)다

a. = alternative

n. = (대체물)

I intended to do so !!!

Unit 16.

Practice 1

Unit 16.

Practice 4

a group of jurors

Unit 16.

Practice 3

Unit 16.

Practice 2

<5>

In a mock jury study, researcher Bonnie Erickson and her colleagues had people listen to a witness answer questions about a supposed accident—for example, “Approximately how long did you stay there before the ambulance arrived?”

While medical anthropologist Jennifer Roberts conducted urban fieldwork in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, her research assistant introduced Roberts to a woman who was accompanied by her five-year-old daughter. Roberts was so taken by the girl’s beauty that she patted the girl on the head while commenting to the mother what a gorgeous child she had.

- law(s) passed by a parliament

- the process of making or passing law(s)

The girl's beauty captured Roberts' attention,

so (결과)....

Some behaviors and words meant to show (A) can be considered (B) in another culture.

'~하면서 (동시에)'

시간부사절 -> 분사구문

Roberts said, "What a gorgeous child _____ _____!"

<4>

Consider the tasks of surfing the web and proofreading a report for errors. The rules for surfing include using the mouse to move the cursor, double- clicking screen choices, clicking the “back” key to return to a previous screen, pushing another button once to bookmark a page, and so on.

Dr. King didn’t change America by himself. He wasn’t a legislator, for example, but legislation was created to give all people in the United States equal rights regardless of skin color. It wasn’t Dr. King who changed America; it was the movement of millions of others whom he inspired that changed the course of history.

Once a leader (A) a vision, it is innovators and early adopters that (B) the vision.

Doing two or more things (A) is likely to be a(n) (B) way to get your work done.

although they are not white

although they are colo(u)red

Unit 15.

CR4.2

Harvard Business School professor Francesca Gino and her colleagues asked workers to spend 15 minutes at the end of their workdays writing about what went well that day, and they found that the journaling employees had 22.8% higher performance than those who didn’t ponder on their workday. As former Tech Insider reporter Drake Baer points out, reflecting on the day’s successes can help you incorporate those lessons into the next day. “You introduce a stimulus, gather the data of your experience, and then improve from there,” he writes. It’s worth noting that study participants didn’t simply think about what went well, but wrote their responses down. “It’s very easy to deceive yourself if you’re just thinking about it,”

It was the Siren whose song was enchanting that lured the crew to death.

Unit 16.

(to Roberts' compliment)

(to be a successful leader)

ad.

The Mother said, "___________________,"

and then left abruptly.

straighten <-> out

(sb) 문제 해결을 돕다

<3> <5>

The rules for proofreading are different and might include first skimming a page for obvious mistakes, reading the report one word at a time to check for spelling, and then rereading the report paragraph by paragraph to see if one’s points are clear.

abruptly

suddenly

unexpectedly

Much to Roberts’s surprise, the mother responded by saying that the girl was not pretty at all and then abruptly left. What had Roberts done? She was simply trying to pay the woman and her daughter a compliment. In fact Roberts had inadvertently committed two cultural mistakes.

Some jurors heard the witness respond straightforwardly: “Twenty minutes. Long enough to help get Mrs. David straightened out.” Others listened to the witness hem and haw: “Oh, it seems like it was about, uh, twenty minutes. Just long enough to help my friend Mrs. David, you know, get straightened out.”

(결정이나 말하기 전에 시간을 끌다)

compliment [C]

give, pay ___ compliment

get, receive ___ compliment

return ___ compliment

compliment vs. complement

complimentary vs. complementary

But how do you organize millions of people? Forget millions, how do you organize hundreds or tens of people? The vision and charisma of a good leader first attract innovators and early adopters. Trusting their guts and their intuition, these people will make the greatest sacrifices to help see the vision become a reality.

(to부정사 목적(~하기 위해))

= by accident, unintentionally

commit a crime

<5>

<2>

(everyone)

L & Followers

<5>

<3>

Someone who surfs and proofreads at the same time actually is switching from one task to another. The decision that it is time to stop, say, proofreading and begin surfing takes a fraction of a second. And then, the decision to “get in the mind-set” of surfing, and bring to mind [ how one surfs ] takes another fraction of a second.

(as a pre-step)

Paste the middle part of the passage.

[What the witnesses said] turned out to be less important than [how they said it]: the straightforward, confident witnesses were rated significantly more credible.

Paste the middle part of the passage.

in the presence of ~ ; as a result of ~

According to the study above, people are perceived as more reliable when they speak with clarity and confidence.

First, in this part of the world, patting a child on the head is viewed as a violation of the most sacred part of the body. Second, complimenting a child on her beauty or health is regarded in Malaysia as inviting bad fortune for the child.

With each success, with every tangible demonstration that the vision can in fact become more reality, the more practical-minded majority starts to take interest. [ What was previously just a dream ] soon becomes a provable and tangible reality.

Although each switch may waste only a second or so, the multitasker makes many switches, wasting much time. What is more efficient? Prioritizing and organizing one’s time.

viewed; seen; regarded;

considered; thought of;

...

doing a task at a time

doing more than one tasks simultaneously

CR4.3

At one point in my career in business, I applied for a job that looked perfect on paper. It paid about thirty thousand dollars a year more than what I was currently making. But I didn’t listen. I took the job because it paid so well and my brain kept telling me it was the right thing to do. Less than two years later, I left that job, having been miserable for almost every minute I was there. My gut knew that I shouldn’t have taken the job, but I talked myself into it. That almost never works out well. Listen to your instincts. If something seems wrong, then spend time to figure out what it is. It was a job with lots of budget and personnel responsibility, doing work that I knew and liked. But on the day that I was called with the job offer, I got off the telephone, sat down, and started to cry. My gut instinct was telling me something was wrong.

Unit 15. practice 3

Unit 15. practice 4

왜냐하면 ( <-> so)

The French student, on the other hand, sees the test as a low priority because it is far away. He would rather watch television or read a book than take 15 minutes to study for the test. A week and a half later, the test becomes more important.

That was true. For Britain had colonies all around the globe. And always it was day in some or the other part of the Empire. Satyamurti looked in the general direction of the crowd from where the question had come and smiled.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Satyamurti

= why

the time () 1/2 week only is left before F.T.

The main reason that students do not study is not that they do not have enough time; it is that they would rather be doing something else. Consider a student who has a French test in two weeks. We know that the earlier the student starts studying for the test, the fewer tasks will need to be completed each day. The French student, on the other hand, sees the test as a low priority because it is far away. He would rather watch television or read a book than take 15 minutes to study for the test. A week and a half later, the test becomes more important. By that time, the student will need several hours to prepare. He will most likely find it more difficult to fit a three-hour block of study time into his schedule than several 15-minute blocks.

The main reason that students do not study is not that they do not have enough time; it is that they would rather be doing something else.

The heckler felt he had nettled Satyamurti. He thought Satyamurti would not have a convincing reply. Here he went wrong. For Satyamurti replied, “Do you know why? Even the sun doesn’t trust the British in the dark.”

Satyamurti was a leading nationalist in India. He was known for his great speech. His words carried logic and reason, wit and wisdom. So he usually got the better of others in arguments. Once he went to England to present India’s case for freedom. He met the leading politicians in Britain. He pleaded with them to restore self-government to India. At one meeting, while he was presenting India’s case for freedom, a heckler asked, “Do you know that the sun never sets on the British Empire?” That was true. For Britain had colonies all around the globe. And always it was day in some or the other part of the Empire. Satyamurti looked in the general direction of the crowd from where the question had come and smiled. The heckler felt he had nettled Satyamurti. He thought Satyamurti would not have a convincing reply. Here he went wrong. For Satyamurti replied, “Do you know why? Even the sun doesn’t trust the British in the dark.”

(for F.T.)

By that time, the student will need several hours to prepare. He will most likely find it more difficult to fit a three-hour block of study time into his schedule than several 15-minute blocks.

ad.

Satyamurti was a leading nationalist in India. He was known for his great speech. His words carried logic and reason, wit and wisdom. So he usually got the better of others in arguments.

would rather V (than ~)

= would prefer to V

(than study)

a high priority

a low priority

(to fit)

(of study time into his schedule)

in (시간) ~ 안에, ~ 후에

CR4.1

The final clues were the smoke plumes in the painting, showing the wind blowing east to west.

At 7:35 a.m. on November 13, 1872, in the port city of Le Havre, France, Claude Monet gazed out his hotel window and began to paint what he saw. The result was “Impression, Soleil Levant” (“Impression, Sunrise’s”)—and the birth of a movement. ( ① ) How do we know exactly when Impressionism began? ( ② ) Because of Donald Olson, a Texas State University astrophysicist who uses astronomy to solve art and literary mysteries. ( ③ ) When asked to help determine the painting’s provenance, Olson began by examining maps and photos very carefully to identify Monet’s hotel and room. ( ④ ) Then he turned to astronomy—using the rising sun and the moon to determine the tide, season, and time of day—and consulted digitized 19th-century weather observations. ( ⑤ ) Those findings—plus the “72” by Monet’s signature—closed the case and put a precise time stamp on a timeless work of art.

Consider a student who has a French test in two weeks. We know that the earlier the student starts studying for the test, the fewer tasks will need to be completed each day.

Once he went to England to present India’s case for freedom. He met the leading politicians in Britain. He pleaded with them to restore self-government to India. At one meeting, while he was presenting India’s case for freedom, a heckler asked, “Do you know that the sun never sets on the British Empire?”

plead with sb.

for sth.

to V

호소(요청)하다

Unit 17. practice 1

Unit 17. practice 2

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

ex. Deep down I still loved him.

내심, 마음 속 깊이

be to V (의무, 예정, 가능, 운명, 의도)

to 부정사(목적)

= very angry

= wicked

(being)

On a campaign in Silesia, Frederick, King of Prussia, gave orders one day that all fires and lights were to be extinguished in his camp by a certain hour. To make certain that his order was obeyed, the king himself went the rounds. Passing by the tent of a certain Captain Zietern, he noticed the glimmer of a candle, and upon entering found the officer sealing a letter to his wife. Frederick demanded to know what Zietern thought he was doing; didn’t he know the orders? The captain threw himself at the king’s feet, unable to deny or excuse his disobedience. Frederick instructed him to sit down and add a postscript to the letter, which Frederick himself dictated: “Tomorrow I shall perish on the scaffold.” Zietern wrote what he was told and was duly executed the following day.

The pleasures of kindness were well known in the past. Kindness was mankind’s “greatest delight,” the Roman philosopher-emperor Marcus Aurelius declared, and thinkers and writers have echoed him down the centuries. But today, many people find these pleasures literally incredible or at least highly suspect. An image of the self has been created that is utterly lacking in natural generosity. Most people appear to believe that deep down they (and other people) are mad, bad, and dangerous to know; that as a species—apparently unlike other species of animals—we are deeply and fundamentally hostile to each other, that our motives are utterly self-seeking, and that our sympathies are forms of self-protection.

Most people appear to believe that deep down they (and other people) are mad, bad, and dangerous to know; that as a species—apparently unlike other species of animals—we are deeply and fundamentally hostile to each other, that our motives are utterly self-seeking, and that our sympathies are forms of self-protection.

The captain threw himself at the king’s feet, unable to deny or excuse his disobedience. Frederick instructed him to sit down and add a postscript to the letter, which Frederick himself dictated: “Tomorrow I shall perish on the scaffold.” Zietern wrote what he was told and was duly executed the following day.

dictate vt. 받아쓰게 하다

명령하다

= die

Latin is difficult to learn ㅒ.

They are dangerous to know ㅒ.

Passing by the tent of a certain Captain Zietern, he noticed the glimmer of a candle, and upon entering found the officer sealing a letter to his wife. Frederick demanded to know what Zietern thought he was doing; didn’t he know the orders?

<5>

믿을 수 없는, 엄청 좋은/큰

But today, many people find these pleasures literally incredible or at least highly suspect. An image of the self has been created that is utterly lacking in natural generosity.

자연적인/당연히 있어야 할

lacking in ~

~이 없는/부족한

Unit. 17.0

Your parents may be afraid that you will not spend your allowance wisely. You may make some foolish spending choices, but if you ①do, the decision to do so is your own and hopefully you will learn from your mistakes. Much of learning ②occurs through trial and error. Explain to your parents that money is something you will have to deal with for the rest of your life. It is better ③that you make your mistakes / early on rather than later in life. Explain that you will have a family someday and you need to know ④how to manage your money. Not everything ⑤is taught at school!

Unit 18.

Practice 4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens#Recent_evolution

home sapiens,

neanderthals

Unit 18.

Practice 3

Unit 18.

Practice 1

Unit 18.

Practice 2

savage a. n. v.

Over the past 10,000 years, Homo sapiens has grown so accustomed to being the only human species that it’s hard [ for us to think of any other possibility ]. Our lack of brothers and sisters makes it easier [ to imagine that we are the best example of creation, and that a chasm separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom ].

= common

Paste the ending part of the passage~

<5>

= one familiar tradition

= no food

틈(crack), 차이(difference)

The tradition of a pep squad as a support for sports teams is one that many people are familiar with. These groups exist for many different types of high school and college sports, most notably football.

It was usual among “savages” for the man ( who had food ) to share it with the man ( who had none ), for travelers to be fed at any home they chose to stop at on their way, and for communities ( who are harassed with drought ) to be maintained by their neighbors.

(which)

When you remove body language and facial expressions from communication, you remove many of the signals we use to read other people. Communication over the phone leaves you and your customer with limited insight into [ how the person on the other end of the conversation is reacting ].

Paste the ending part of the passage~

= especially

~가 있는 상태로

Unit 17.

N1 of N2

ex. the arrival of the police (= they arrive)

criticism of the police (= they are criticized)

= basically

just an+other ...

(그저 ...의 한 종류)

When Charles Darwin indicated that Homo sapiens was just another kind of animal, people were outraged. Even today many refuse to believe it. If the Neanderthals had survived, would we still imagine ourselves to be a creature apart?

outrage

n. vt.

outraged 격노한

가정법 과거

(현재의 반대 가정)

가정법 과거완료

(과거의 반대 가정)

call for

= require

call for (for) S to V

= publicly ask ....

If a man sat down to his meal in the woods, he was expected to call loudly for someone to come and share it with him, before he might justly eat alone. When a Western traveler told a Samoan about the poor in London, the “savage” asked in astonishment:

Is he in a defensive posture and getting more withdrawn as you talk? Is she rolling her eyes while you tell her [ how much you value her business ] ? Is he reading his email instead of listening to you?

Essentially, a pep squad is a group of individuals who have the responsibility of motivating and promoting enthusiasm for a particular sports team before and during a sports competition. The use of the term varies to a degree from place to place. In some settings, the pep squad is considered to be the same as a cheerleading squad.

Unit 18.

....... apart

separable from others (차별화할만한)

not to be included into the same group

i.e.

a special, only one human species

'squad'

vary = differ

<1>

the poor = poor people

the savage = savages

savage people

https://www.google.co.kr/search?q=defensive%20posture&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg%3ACQ-ZA-qdjoF4ImAzMwKPP3ezAmJtsqp5kiS7Dn5dL3rCryIIK-Z1LafY5MLKDUFe-iH4W8CWb8Cy8MZ3vVdqETIas5OMBG1MbBTXNUy_1EeGQw6CRtjgCVbV4jekyKLkaogyhGWIEReqP_1EQqEgkzMwKPP3ezAhGDr8pOj_1k7kSoSCWJtsqp5kiS7EdnV9Mq2chL4KhIJDn5dL3rCryIRZvgmXgPjf_1kqEgkIK-Z1LafY5BHjqb_1DqbmGSSoSCcLKDUFe-iH4EcioNT_1dmPjwKhIJW8CWb8Cy8MYR66db67kWUTIqEgl3vVdqETIasxE9W50xAB4TxCoSCZOMBG1MbBTXEWZwJZoUbPPLKhIJNUy_1EeGQw6ARvfr80lZv_1-EqEgmRtjgCVbV4jRE3wIswswlKCSoSCekyKLkaogyhEWnlgCo1JLRSKhIJGWIEReqP_1EQRWW_1XzaDCCEhhpMCvIIFddJc&sfr=vfe&hl=ko&ved=0CAIQrnZqFwoTCKCX77XZ_OUCFQAAAAAdAAAAABA0&biw=1899&bih=867#imgrc=D5kD6p2OgXgRhM

Refusal of the idea that H.s. would not be the only human species or H.s. would be just another human species.

Paste the middle part of the passage.

wipe out vt.

= remove, destroy

Paste the middle part of the passage.

Perhaps this is exactly why our ancestors wiped out the Neanderthals. They were too familiar to ignore, but too different to tolerate.

(for Home sapiens)

a pep squad

PEP SQUAD competition

FEU Cheering Squad Full Performance | UAAP 82 CDC

Published on Nov 18, 2019 (3:20~)

(to ask for food)

Other locations see it as a separate entity from the cheerleaders, although they share a common purpose. This may lead to [ the squad being more of a dance team, (performing more complicated routines that are usually associated with cheerleading) ].

= result in, cause

“How is it? No food? No friends? No house to live in? Where did he grow? Are there no houses belonging to his friends?” The hungry Indian had but to ask to receive ; however small the supply was, food was given to him if he needed it: “no one can want food while there is corn anywhere in the town.”

= only, just

분사(구문)

= no matter how small the supply (of food) was

오히려 .. (강조)

[ 동명사 구문 ]

(food)

The more physical cues we remove from our interactions, the easier it is to have misunderstandings. Fortunately, you can still tell a lot from tone of voice.

(with limited cues)

= distinguish A from B

= be short of; lack

;.l

A survey is somewhat like an interview in that the person conducting it prepares a set of questions. However, an interview is done one-on-one, and the conversation has great flexibility. A survey, on the other hand, is usually written in advance. A number of participants agree to answer a set of questions. If they write their answers, the survey takes the form of a questionnaire. They may or may not complete the survey in your presence. What you will get will be the briefest answers to your questions—no more, no less. Obviously, you will run into difficulty if you realize later on that you should have asked different questions. Therefore, in a survey, most of the work lies in the preparation of the questions so as to get the best answers.

Unit 17. practice 4

Unit 17. practice 3

personal hygiene

in one's absence

in one's presence

in the absence of sth.

in the presence of sth.

⊃

(yourself)

Another responsibility is for personal hygiene, being bathed and combed and well dressed. There is financial responsibility, in which children learn to budget and to spend wisely their allowances or income from part-time jobs.

If they write their answers, the survey takes the form of a questionnaire. They may or may not complete the survey in your presence. What you will get will be the briefest answers to your questions—no more, no less.

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

A survey is somewhat like an interview in that the person conducting it prepares a set of questions. However, an interview is done one-on-one, and the conversation has great flexibility.

(unlike a survey)

= experience

나중에~, 쭈욱~

아쉬움, 후회

⊃

Obviously, you will run into difficulty if you realize later on [ that you should have asked different questions ]. Therefore, in a survey, most of the work lies in the preparation of the questions so as to get the best answers.

Before you begin teaching your children responsibility, be certain you have the concept clear in your own mind. What does responsibility mean to you? What responsibilities do you think children should have, and at what ages? Most parents feel that basic responsibilities include keeping a clean room and picking up any mess made in other rooms of the house. When our children become students, we want them to meet the requirements of being a learner and to do their homework religiously. Another responsibility is for personal hygiene, being bathed and combed and well dressed. There is financial responsibility, in which children learn to budget and to spend wisely their allowances or income from part-time jobs. Children need to become responsible with their time, getting to school before the bell rings, keeping curfew, managing to fit in all their activities and still have down-time left.

Children need to become responsible with their time, getting to school before the bell rings, keeping curfew, managing to fit in all their activities and still have down-time left.

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

lie in (...)

(상태) 에 놓여/달려 있다

U C

(that)

접

A survey, on the other hand, is usually written in advance. A number of participants agree to answer a set of questions.

(which was)

Most parents feel that basic responsibilities include keeping a clean room and picking up any mess made in other rooms of the house. When our children become students, we want them to meet the requirements of being a learner and to do their homework religiously.

C.R5 p.146-7

Unit 19. practice 1

Unit 19. practice 2

to 부정사(명사, 보어)

부정사

Each game is part of a designated sequence—a season—the goal of which is to produce a champion. Both individual games and the season as a whole attract interest and attention.

As philosopher and psychologist John Dewey explained in his 1910 book, How We Think, reflective thinking involves overcoming our predisposition to accept things at face value and the willingness to endure mental unrest.

to 부정사 (형용사)

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

originate

vi.

appear

vt.

create

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

you are not filled with anger any more

In most people, emotions are situational. Something in the here and now makes you mad. The emotion itself is tied to the situation in which it originates. As long as you remain in that emotional situation, you’re likely to stay angry. If you leave the situation, the opposite is true. The emotion begins to disappear as soon as you move away from the situation. Moving away from the situation prevents it from taking hold of you. Counselors often advise clients [to get some emotional distance from whatever is bothering them]. One easy way to do that is to geographically separate yourself from the source of your anger.

ad.

vi.

Team sports offer a particularly compelling form of drama. The outcome of a game, unlike that of a scripted drama, is unknown. Few people watch the same play or motion picture repeatedly because after they have seen it once they know the ending. The tension is gone. But tension fills each and every game of baseball, football, and basketball. Moreover, in organized sports the tension carries beyond each individual game and tends to increase over time. Each game is part of a designated sequence—a season—the goal of which is to produce a champion. Both individual games and the season as a whole attract interest and attention. Spectators follow the first to find out which of the two contesting teams will win, and the second to learn which one will emerge as the ultimate champion. Suspense mounts because, as the end of the season approaches, games tend to become more important to the determination of the champion.

Spectators follow the first to find out which of the two contesting teams will win, and the second to learn which one will emerge as the ultimate champion. Suspense mounts because, as the end of the season approaches, games tend to become more important to the determination of the champion.

vi.= increase

take hold of ~

= control ~ completely

Benjamin Franklin began and ended each day with a question: “What good shall I do this day?” in the morning, and “What good have I done this day?” in the evening. In fact, many great thinkers embraced the idea of constantly questioning things. As Albert Einstein reportedly said, “Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to stop questioning.” Of course, getting into the habit of self-reflection is easier said than done, as we often prefer to avoid asking ourselves the tough questions. As philosopher and psychologist John Dewey explained in his 1910 book, How We Think, reflective thinking involves overcoming our predisposition to accept things at face value and the willingness to endure mental unrest. Enduring this discomfort is well worth the effort, as it can result in the confidence boost necessary to perform better in our work and daily lives.

Enduring this discomfort is well worth the effort, as it can result in the confidence boost necessary to perform better in our work and daily lives.

(which is)

to 부정사(부사)

sth. that helps ...

any situation that is bothering them

[to get ~ them]

CR5.1

How much of your food should be cooked? Proponents of the newly popular raw food diets claim that cooking ruins vitamins and enzymes, making food difficult to digest and therefore contributing to disease. But all traditional peoples cooked some or most of their food. Even in the tropics, where people did not have to build fires to keep warm, they built fires every day to cook. In addition to cooking grains, they usually cooked their vegetables, the very foods some recommend that people eat raw. Why cook? Cooking helps neutralize many naturally occurring anti-nutrients and irritants in food, also breaking down indigestible fiber. Many foods, such as beans and potatoes, are indigestible until cooked. While cooking—especially at very high temperatures—⑤does destroy some nutrients, it makes minerals more available.

But tension fills each and every game of baseball, football, and basketball. Moreover, in organized sports the tension carries beyond each individual game and tends to increase over time.

A sound carries.

(양태)~듯이

vi. vt.

to 부정사(명사, 보어)

As Albert Einstein reportedly said, “Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to stop questioning.” Of course, getting into the habit of self-reflection is easier said than done, as we often prefer to avoid asking ourselves the tough questions.

(이유)

stop, avoid, enjoy + V-ing

d , f ,

<3>

<4>

Easier said than done.

Better late than never.

Better safe than sorry.

make a habit (of ...)

be in the habit

get into the habit

break / kick the habit

CR5.2

Long-term climate variations on Earth—ice ages are but one example— are thought to be influenced by such factors as small wobbles in Earth’s orbit, and the inclination of its axis, as well as cycles of radiation coming from the Sun. These variations occur in cycles of 10,000 years or even hundreds of thousands of years. An ice core drilled at Lake Vostok in Antarctica reveals that for most of the last 250,000 years, Earth has been considerably colder than it is today. In fact, the relatively warm weather experienced on Earth for the last 10,000 years looks like an unusual period when compared with the previous 200,000 years. Ten thousand years is a short period in geologic terms, but it covers just about the entire span of modern human civilization.

Unit 20.

Practice 1

= happen

~하면서

Democracy in ancient Athens was more extensive than today’s version in that individual involvement occurred as citizens took turns holding various offices. There were no elected officials in ancient Athens. Instead, governmental positions, such as those of the councilors, were filled by random drawings in which names were picked from a box.

Unit 20.

Practice 4

Paste the ending part of the passage~

Unit 20.

Practice 2

Unit 20.

Practice 3

Visualization techniques will help you display pleasure, interest and other emotions in your everyday interactions. If your Impression Management Plan calls for you to smile at a meeting that you dread, think in advance of several happy moments in your life to replay mentally during the meeting.

__________, or the science of the earth’s crust

geology ㅈㅈㅎ

geography ㅈㄹㅎ

geometry ㄱㅎㅎ

S call for O

S가 O를 요구하다

S call for (for) s' to v'

S가 [s’가 v’할 것]을 요구하다

목.관

If you’re tempted to eat food you’ve dropped on the floor, you may want to think again: A new study disproved the “5-second rule,” or the idea that food is safe to eat off the floor if you pick it up fast enough.

statistic(s) C 통계치

statistics U. 통계학

Paste the ending part of the passage~

prove ... (맞다고) 증명하다

disprove ... (틀리다고) 증명하다

She is old enough to see the movie.

Paste the ending part of the passage~

An often-repeated statistic says that four out of five small businesses will fail within five years. This 80 percent is a frightening prospect for anyone thinking about starting a business.

to think again 재고하다 (아마도) 생각을 바꾸다

to have second thoughts

on (a) second thought(s) 생각이 바뀌어

without a second thought = immediately

= possibility for ...

확률, 가능성 ... 에게

Unit 19.

The selected persons served for about a year, and no person could serve twice in their lifetime. Where the knowledge of professionals was needed, there would be permanent positions, but most governmental positions were temporary.

= in the situation

(~ 자리에서)

= require

<5>

(... bored enough to feel silly)

~의 경우

cf. contemporary

They found the song to be charming.

If the occasion calls for full attention, when you find yourself bored silly by someone’s presentation, create an interest in him by focusing on the subtle changes in the intonation of his voice as he speaks, or think about the words he chooses to express his ideas.

U,C

But a study by Bruce A. Kirchhoff of the New Jersey Institute of Technology found the failure rate for small businesses to be only 18 percent during their first eight years. Why the huge gap? It turns out that studies by the U.S. government and others defined business failures much too broadly.

= when

- adulterate ... with ~

(that)

It ..... that ~

vi. = be discovered

prove

The study found that bacteria from a surface can move to food very quickly, in less than a second in some cases. In the study, the researchers contaminated four different surfaces— stainless steel, ceramic tile, wood and carpet—with bacteria. Then, they dropped four food types on the surfaces: watermelon, bread, bread and butter, and gummy candy.

Unit 20.

<3>

(X) broad

inner ; private ; secret ~

be clue to i.experience

= express i.experience

= reveal i.experience

= indicate i.experience

contribute to it

= increase it

Paste the middle part of the passage.

CR5.3

Words can be clues to inner experience, revealing hidden thoughts, feelings, or wants. We can, therefore, use words in much the same way as we use nonverbal messages, such as voice tone, rate and volume of speech, facial expressions, and body positions or movements, to help understand athletes. Words, however, not only express experience, but they also contribute to it, operating as a feedback loop. An example would be athletes who call themselves “losers.” They not only reveal their dissatisfaction and unhappiness, they also reinforce their sense of impotence and undermine their self-confidence. Words that are not spoken can be as meaningful as those that are. A useful clue to something that is avoided is the unanswered question. Not answering a question may indicate an underlying fear, guilt, embarrassment, shame, or other unpleasant feeling or thought.

= function

vi. 작동하다

Many Athenians felt that the benefits of more experienced politicians and officials would be spoiled by a growth in corruption. Today we sometimes find that long-term positions for career politicians lead to aspirations of power and selfish actions.

corrupt a. vt.

immorality cf immortality

lead to = result in

...의 경우

Paste the middle part of the passage.

= outsmart

= words that are spoken

(which are)

pleasure, interest...

(that)

Let your rational brain outwit your emotional brain by injecting images consistent with the emotions you want to project. Remember, the emotional brain doesn’t distinguish between realistic visualization and reality!

= display

vi ~(장소)에 있다

? ( ) lie - ___ - ___

? ( ) lay - ___ - ___

Any closing of a business, even if it occurred because someone died, sold the business, or retired, was recorded as a business failure. In fact, only 18 percent of the 814,000 small businesses tracked by Kirchhoff for eight years went out of business with unpaid bills. This should be a comfort to would-be entrepreneurs.

Results showed that, in general, the longer the food was allowed to sit on the surface, the more bacteria was transferred to the food. But some bacterial infection happened in less than a second. Watermelon picked up the most bacteria, while gummy candies picked up the least.

(which were)

= deficit

liability

obligation

go into business 사업을 시작하다

start

go out of business 사업을 접다

end/close

consolation to ...

위로 ...에게

Concerning _____?_____,

____?____ work, whether spoken or not.

(can become)

(which is being)

CR5.4

Today, studies increasingly show that many non-human beings feel. Elephants appear to feel grief, while dolphins and whales express joy, or something much like it. Parrots can become unhappy, pigs and cows terrified, chickens saddened, monkeys seemingly embarrassed. Experiments have shown that rats become agitated when seeing surgery performed on other rats; when presented with a trapped lab-mate and a piece of chocolate, they will free their caged brethren before eating. There’s even evidence that rats take pleasure in being tickled. None of this will come as a surprise to pet owners or anyone who has observed virtually any kind of animal for any length of time. Science is rediscovering what Charles Darwin, in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, concluded: that the variations between humans and other species in their capacity to feel and express emotion are differences in degree rather than in kind.

rats

Unit 19. practice 3

Unit 19. practice 4

study (case)

Concerning ?,

similarity vs. difference

resemblance distinction

: :

between ? and ?

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

Telling schoolchildren that they are smart impairs their future performance, whereas telling them that they work hard or not praising them at all leads them to work harder in the future.

hurting a. 아픈, 비참한

Help your teen verbally label emotions. This isn’t as easy as it sounds because hurting teens often feel multiple emotions at the same time. Develop a rich, accurate vocabulary for emotions, and allow your teen to “name” what he is feeling. Various studies have shown that verbally naming an emotion has a quieting effect on the nervous system, which can in turn help teens recover faster from emotional stress. This has to do with the brain’s structure and how emotions are processed. By verbalizing an emotion, the language area in the left side of the brain is engaged, which also impacts logic and other higher-level types of thinking. Activating the connections between the logic areas and emotional processing areas of the brain may help your teen think about his emotion in a different way, thus leading to a calming effect.

Telling schoolchildren that they are smart impairs their future performance, whereas telling them that they work hard or not praising them at all leads them to work harder in the future. Therefore, attempting to convince people to be impressed with themselves can actually make people do worse, which isn’t all that surprising really. Convincing people to rely mostly on their self-esteem is really telling them that they can’t count on other people, and that is a mighty unhappy thought indeed. Worse still, some probably hear the message that they should think and act like they are better and more important than other people, or even that ordinary rules don’t apply to them. Real “self-esteem” derives from the esteem of others. Why shout out your victories if no one hears you?

Worse still, some probably hear the message that they should think and act like they are better and more important than other people, or even that ordinary rules don’t apply to them. Real “self-esteem” derives from the esteem of others. Why shout out your victories if no one hears you?

By verbalizing an emotion, [ the language area in the left side of the brain is engaged ], which also impacts logic and other higher-level types of thinking. Activating the connections between the logic areas and emotional processing areas of the brain may help your teen think about his emotion in a different way, thus leading to a calming effect.

lead to ...

= result in ...

lead sb. to N/V

Therefore, [ attempting to convince people to be impressed with themselves can actually make people do worse ] , which isn’t all that surprising really. Convincing people to rely mostly on their self-esteem is really telling them that they can’t count on other people, and that is a mighty unhappy thought indeed.

ad.

Various studies have shown that [verbally naming an emotion has a quieting effect on the nervous system], which can in turn help teens recover faster from emotional stress. This has to do with the brain’s structure and how emotions are processed.

vi. vt.

ad.

모의고사

No. 22

No. 32

No. 24

No. 37

Remarkably, most participants accepted this photo as their own choice and then proceeded to give arguments for why they had chosen that face in the first place. This revealed a striking mismatch between our choices and our ability to rationalize outcome.

the combination

If a person begins their day in a good mood, they will likely continue to be happy at work and that will often lead to a more productive day in the office. This increased productivity unsurprisingly leads to better work rewards, such as promotions or raises.

proceed to v

= go on ~ing

17-4. later on

lead to sth.

= result in

he who do 호 의 -> favor ->> he who owe 호 의

<4>

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

<3>

목적

(should)

Attaining the life a person wants is simple. However, most people settle for less than their best because they fail to start the day off right.

This same finding has since been observed in various domains including taste for jam and financial decisions.

ad.

start ~ off

~을 시작하게 하다

(kindness)

Benjamin Franklin once suggested that a newcomer to a neighborhood ask a new neighbor to do him or her a favor, citing an old maxim: He that has once done you a kindness will be more ready to do you another than he whom you yourself have obliged. In Franklin’s opinion, asking someone for something was the most useful and immediate invitation to social interaction. Such asking on the part of the newcomer provided the neighbor with an opportunity to show himself or herself as a good person, at first encounter. It also meant that the latter could now ask the former for a favor, in return, increasing the familiarity and trust. In that manner, both parties could overcome their natural hesitancy and mutual fear of the stranger.

Attaining the life a person wants is simple. However, most people settle for less than their best because they fail to start the day off right. If a person starts the day with a positive mindset, that person is more likely to have a positive day. Moreover, how a person approaches the day impacts everything else in that person’s life. If a person begins their day in a good mood, they will likely continue to be happy at work and that will often lead to a more productive day in the office. This increased productivity unsurprisingly leads to better work rewards, such as promotions or raises. Consequently, if people want to live the life of their dreams, they need to realize that how they start their day not only impacts that day, but every aspect of their lives.

To be successful, you need to understand the vital difference between believing you will succeed, and believing you will succeed easily. Put another way, it’s the difference between being a realistic optimist, and an unrealistic optimist. Realistic optimists believe they will succeed, but also believe they have to make success happen—through things like careful planning and choosing the right strategies. They recognize the need for giving serious thought to how they will deal with obstacles. This preparation only increases their confidence in their own ability to get things done. Unrealistic optimists, on the other hand, believe that success will happen to them―that the universe will reward them for all their positive thinking, or that somehow they will be transformed overnight into the kind of person for whom obstacles don’t exist anymore.

vi. vt.

① How to Present Your Strengths to Others

② A Relationship Opener: Asking for a Favor

③ Why Do We Hesitate to Help Strangers?

④ What You Ask for Shows Who You Are

⑤ Polite Ways of Inviting Our Neighbors

~에 대해서

Unrealistic optimists, on the other hand, believe that success will happen to them―that the universe will reward them for all their positive thinking, or that somehow they will be transformed overnight into the kind of person for whom obstacles don’t exist anymore.

In an experiment, researchers presented participants with two photos of faces and asked participants to choose the photo that they thought was more attractive, and then handed participants that photo. Using a clever trick inspired by stage magic, when participants received the photo, it had been switched to the photo not chosen by the participant―the less attractive photo. Remarkably, most participants accepted this photo as their own choice and then proceeded to give arguments for why they had chosen that face in the first place. This revealed a striking mismatch between our choices and our ability to rationalize outcome. This same finding has since been observed in various domains including taste for jam and financial decisions.

Consequently, if people want to live the life of their dreams, they need to realize that how they start their day not only impacts that day, but every aspect of their lives.

(impacts)

① keep focused

② solve problems

③ rationalize outcomes

④ control our emotions

⑤ attract others’ attention

for ~ vs. to ~

No. 34.

No. 36

38. No. 37

= whenever

('~을 유발하면서', 분사구문)

폭격하다

(The researcher)

There is a famous Spanish proverb that says, “The belly rules the mind.” This is a clinically proven fact. Food is the original mind-controlling drug. Every time we eat, we bombard our brains with a feast of chemicals, triggering an explosive hormonal chain reaction that directly influences the way we think.

38.

Using a clever trick inspired by stage magic, when participants received the photo, it had been switched to the photo not chosen by the participant―the less attractive photo.

If a person starts the day with a positive mindset, that person is more likely to have a positive day. Moreover, how a person approaches the day impacts everything else in that person’s life.

In Franklin’s opinion, asking someone for something was the most useful and immediate invitation to social interaction. Such asking on the part of the newcomer provided the neighbor with an opportunity to show himself or herself as a good person, at first encounter.

(the newcomer)

(the neighbor)

= the photo which had not been chosen

Realistic optimists believe they will succeed, but also believe they have to make success happen—through things like careful planning and choosing the right strategies. They recognize the need for giving serious thought to how they will deal with obstacles. This preparation only increases their confidence in their own ability to get things done.

(by the researcher)

It also meant that the latter could now ask the former for a favor, in return, increasing the familiarity and trust. In that manner, both parties could overcome their natural hesitancy and mutual fear of the stranger.

= serious thinking about

(for the neighbor)

Many studies have shown that people’s health and subjective well-being are affected by ethnic relations. Members of minority groups in general have poorer health outcomes than the majority group.

= movie directors

He pointed the gun at her head.

= any object that they want the A. to look at 목

복합관계대명사절 '그들이 관객이 보기를 바라는 사물을'

(그것이 무엇이건)

ethnic

of people who share a cultural tradition

Achieving focus in a movie is easy. Directors can simply point the camera at [ whatever they want the audience to look at ]. Close-ups and slow camera shots can emphasize a killer’s hand or a character’s brief glance of guilt.

직관(factX feeling O)적 힘

Paste the ending part of the passage~

in turn

in return

in reverse

<5>

= movie directors

He pointed the gun at her head.

= any object that they want the A. to look at 목

= deal with obstacles

make success happen

복합관계대명사절 '그들이 관객이 보기를 바라는 사물을'

(그것이 무엇이건)

Paste the ending part of the passage~

<1> continue to exist

But that difference remains even when obvious factors, such as social class and access to medical services are controlled for. This suggests that dominance relations have their own effect on people’s health.

(The number of a group becomes an influence.)

= caused by ...

...에 의해 생긴 )

No. 31.

There is nothing more fundamental to the human spirit than the need to be mobile. It is the intuitive force that sparks our imaginations and opens pathways to life-changing opportunities. It is the catalyst for progress and personal freedom. Public transportation has been vital to that progress and freedom for more than two centuries. The transportation industry has always done more than carry travelers from one destination to another. It connects people, places, and possibilities. It provides access to [what people need, what they love, and what they aspire to become]. In so doing, it grows communities, creates jobs, strengthens the economy, expands social and commercial networks, saves time and energy, and helps millions of people achieve a better life.

Countless studies have shown that the positive emotional state induced by a good meal enhances our receptiveness to be persuaded. It triggers an instinctive desire to repay the provider .

(형. '~하려는 청원서')

= at any spot on the stage where S V

복합관계부사절 '그들이 좋아하는 지점에'

look + (무대 위 어디건)

= possibility to be mind-controlled

No. 31.

Business consultant Frans Johansson describes the Medici effect as the emergence of new ideas and creative solutions when different backgrounds and disciplines come together. The term is derived from the 15th-century Medici family, who helped usher in the Renaissance by bringing together artists, writers, and other creatives from all over the world. Arguably, the Renaissance was a result of the exchange of ideas between these different groups in close contact with each other. Sound familiar? If you are unable to diversify your own talent and skill, then having others around you to compensate might very well just do the trick. Believing that all new ideas come from combining existing notions in creative ways, Johansson recommends utilizing [a mix of backgrounds, experiences, and expertise] in staffing to bring about the best possible solutions, perspectives, and innovations in business.

On stage, focus is much more difficult because the audience is free to look [ wherever they like ]. The stage director must gain the audience’s attention and direct their eyes to a particular spot or actor. This can be done through lighting, costumes, scenery, voice, and movements.

Making a small request that people will accept will naturally increase the chances of their accepting a bigger request afterwards. For instance, a salesperson might request you to sign a petition ( to prevent cruelty against animals ). This is a very small request, and most people will do [ what the salesperson asks ] . After this, the salesperson asks you if you are interested in buying any cruelty-free cosmetics from their store. Given the fact that most people agree to the prior request to sign the petition, they will be more likely to purchase the cosmetics.

= at any spot on the stage where S V

복합관계부사절 '그들이 좋아하는 지점에'

look + (무대 위 어디건)

How could that be the case? One possible answer is stress. From multiple physiological studies, we know that encounters with members of other ethnic-racial categories, even in the relatively safe environment of laboratories, trigger stress responses.

'~를 고려한다면 (조건)'

Given his age, he is a remarkably fast runner.

Given (the fact) that he is old, ~

a way to~

do the trick

= succeed in solving problems

achieving goals

Paste the middle part of the passage.

in so doing

= while doing so

= while sth. is happening

(~ access 제공이 일어나면서)

Paste the middle part of the passage.

They make such purchases because the salesperson takes advantage of a human tendency to be consistent in their words and actions. People want to be consistent and will keep saying yes if they have already said it once.

Minority individuals have many encounters with majority individuals, each of which may trigger such responses. However minimal these effects may be, their frequency may increase total stress, which would account for part of the health disadvantage of minority individuals.

no matter how minimal S V

'stress'

This is why executives regularly combine business meetings with meals, why lobbyists invite politicians to attend receptions, lunches, and dinners, and why major state occasions almost always involve an impressive banquet. Churchill called this “dining diplomacy,” and sociologists have confirmed that this principle is a strong motivator across all human cultures.

(having)

Focus can be gained by simply putting a spotlight on one actor, by having one actor in red and everyone else in gray, or by having one actor move while the others remain still. All these techniques will quickly draw the audience’s attention to the actor whom the director wants to be in focus.

= be responsible for

<2> + sC

<5>

(having)

<2> + sC

No. 33

No. 23

No. 31

No. 40

They dwell continually on vivid, exciting pictures of what their goals will look like when they are realized, and what their dreams will look like when they come true.

A story can be instantaneously written, shot, and made available to the entire world. The news cycle, and thus the job of the journalist, never takes a break. Thus the “24hour” news cycle that emerged from the rise of cable TV is now a thing of the past. The news “cycle” is really a constant.

They serve the interest of others because hearing the truth all the time (“You look much older now than you did a few years ago.”) could damage a person’s confidence and self-esteem.

Older adolescents scored about 50 percent higher on an index of risky driving when their peers were in the room―and the driving of early adolescents was fully twice as reckless when other young teens were around. In contrast, adults behaved in similar ways regardless of [ whether they were on their own or observed by others ].

(were)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle

수학용어

mean, index

동명사 의미상 주어

소유격/목적격 V-ing

History of Barbie

= be better because of ...

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

mean n. 평균

a. 평균의, 비열한...

v. 의미하다, 의도하다

<4>

History of Barbie

100 years of toys

① mental pictures

② physical competence

③ cooperative attitude

④ learning environment

⑤ academic achievements

All improvement in your life begins with an improvement in your mental pictures. If you talk to unhappy people and ask them what they think about most of the time, you will find that almost without fail, they think about their problems, their bills, their negative relationships, and all the difficulties in their lives. But when you talk to successful, happy people, you find that they think and talk most of the time about the things that they want to be, do, and have. They think and talk about the specific action steps they can take to get them. They dwell continually on vivid, exciting pictures of what their goals will look like when they are realized, and what their dreams will look like when they come true.

Social relationships benefit from people giving each other compliments now and again because people like to be liked and like to receive compliments. In that respect, social lies such as making deceptive but flattering comments (“I like your new haircut.”) may benefit mutual relations. Social lies are told for psychological reasons and serve both selfinterest and the interest of others. They serve selfinterest because liars may gain satisfaction when they notice that their lies please other people, or because they realize that by telling such lies they avoid an awkward situation or discussion. They serve the interest of others because hearing the truth all the time (“You look much older now than you did a few years ago.”) could damage a person’s confidence and selfesteem.

① ways to differentiate between truth and lies

② roles of selfesteem in building relationships

③ importance of praise in changing others’ behaviors

④ balancing between selfinterest and public interest

⑤ influence of social lies on interpersonal relationships'

The (A) presence of peers makes adolescents, but not adults, more likely to (B) take risks.

① Mobility

② Sensitivity

③ Creativity

④ Accuracy

⑤ Responsibility

Mobility provides a change to the environment for journalists. Newspaper stories, television reports, and even early online reporting (prior to communication technology such as tablets and smartphones) required one central place to which a reporter would submit his or her news story for printing, broadcast, or posting. Now, though, a reporter can shoot video, record audio, and type directly on their smartphones or tablets and post a news story instantly. Journalists do not need to report to a central location where they all contact sources, type, or edit video. A story can be instantaneously written, shot, and made available to the entire world. The news cycle, and thus the job of the journalist, never takes a break. Thus the “24hour” news cycle that emerged from the rise of cable TV is now a thing of the past. The news “cycle” is really a constant.

In a study, psychologist Laurence Steinberg of Temple University and his coauthor, psychologist Margo Gardner divided 306 people into three age groups: young adolescents, with a mean age of 14; older adolescents, with a mean age of 19; and adults, aged 24 and older. Subjects played a computerized driving game in which the player must avoid crashing into a wall that appears, without warning, on the roadway. Steinberg and Gardner randomly assigned some participants to play alone or with two same age peers looking on. Older adolescents scored about 50 percent higher on an index of risky driving when their peers were in the room―and the driving of early adolescents was fully twice as reckless when other young teens were around. In contrast, adults behaved in similar ways regardless of whether they were on their own or observed by others.

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Subjects played a computerized driving game in which the player must avoid crashing into a wall that appears, without warning, on the roadway. Steinberg and Gardner randomly assigned some participants to play alone or with two sameage peers looking on.

Social lies are told for psychological reasons and serve both self-interest and the interest of others. They serve self-interest because liars may gain satisfaction when they notice [ that their lies please other people ], or because they realize [ that by telling such lies they avoid an awkward situation or discussion ].

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But when you talk to successful, happy people, you find that they think and talk most of the time about the things that they want to be, do, and have. They think and talk about the specific action steps they can take to get them.

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Now, though, a reporter can shoot video, record audio, and type directly on their smartphones or tablets and post a news story instantly. Journalists do not need to report to a central location where they all contact sources, type, or edit video.

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