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Civics and citizenship

The six key civics and citizenship concepts

The 5 Freedoms

The Westminster system

Participation

Freedom Of Speech

The Westminster system is a parliamentary government system from the United Kingdom. It was named after the area in London where the British Parliament is. Canada and New Zealand are examples of places that are using this system. The federal and state governments in Australia both use The Westminster system. The Westminster system includes:

- A lower house of parliament which is elected by the people using democracy

- A head of state/sovereign whose job is mainly ceremonial (like the Queen of Governor General

- A head of government (Prime Minister) who leads the representatives of the lower house

- An executive or cabinet of parliament made with members of parliament called MP's

- An independent civil service that serves the government in power

- An independant judiciary made of courts which applies the law

Participation is when citizens take part in and contribute to society, and this can help to gather votes and organize communities.

An example of participation could be someone voting in an election of referendum, being in a jury in court, or paying taxes. These examples help our government and we can also benefit from them.

When we vote in an election, we have an opinion or say in how we want our country to be run, and this can influence the outcome. You can also participate in democracy by protesting about important issues, being in a political debate or discussion, signing petitions that can influence society, contacting members of parliament, campaigning for people who wants to be elected, or becoming a member in parliament/government.

Freedom of speech means that you have the right to say your opinion in public. The 5 freedoms are: Assembly, association, religion, speech, and movement.

Case study: Countries

"Fond memories of Cuba"

March for Science

Censorship in Cuba

In Cuba their freedom of speech is much more different than Australia because the citizens in Cuba have no rights to say what they think about the government or how it is run, and will be arrested if they do so. It is a big risk to speak about the government or country in an insulting or offensive way. In Australia, we have many more rights and have a democratic government, so we can have opinions, votes and fair elections without the government having full power. Cuban citizens have limited access to the internet and television, radio stations or newspapers so they cannot express themselves freely.

Although, an advantage of restricting freedom of speech would be that some people would abuse the freedom and say things they did not mean or “false news” so restricting it would decrease the event of that happening. As a disadvantage, Some people could also make offensive statements or discriminate others, and because they have the freedom to say what they want, people can’t stop it from happening.

Rights and responsibilities

Democratic Values

freedom of association

Rights and responsibilities refers to our entitlements and duties as citizens. Our rights enable us to have a say in the way our country is run. For example, in Australia freedom is a very important right that we have here. Our rights and responsibilities are the right to vote, the right against discrimination, the right to freedom and expression, right of freedom of religion, the right to have freedom/expression, the right to Pay taxes/obey by the law, Jury, right not to have property aquired unjustly, Voting (compulsory).

Democratic values are beliefs and ideals that are held by our society as a democracy. Such values include respect, equality, fairness and freedom. For example, in Australia, Freedom is a very important part of society. In Australia we are free to say and do many things.

Westminster Palace, Houses of Parliament, London

Freedom of association is the right to form or join a group, club or organisation with other people and to gather for a common goal/interest. This can include social groups, sporting groups, political parties unions or religious groups. These groups only refer to freedom of association if they are not stopped by someone else, and we are free to choose whether to be in a group or not.

Case study: Unionism in Australia

Unions are a group of people who have come together to improve working conditions and other issues in communities. Also to achieve common goals. Unions have won many important changes for workers like holiday pay, equal pay for women, sick pay, superannuation, workers’ compensation and the 8-hour day. Unions also provide members with information, advice and support so that people can be fairly rewarded for their work.

When did they start in Australia?

There are now 46 unions in Australia, and it was brought to Australia by the early British immigrant workers. The first Unions were formed in the 1840s and they were based on craft and trade unions (carpentry, engineering).

How do they protect workers?

Unions protect workers by allowing them to join unions and so workers of the same industry can achieve better industry conditions and other things for example, wage increases, workplace safety, or protection from harassment and discrimination.

The Eight hour day:

What happened and who was involved?

In the eight hour day was in 1856, Melbourne, when stonemasons stopped work and marched along the streets to support an eight hour day. Their chant was "Eight hours work, eight hours recreation and eight hours rest" The stonemasons were very skilled and in high demand in Melbourne, but they argued that the Australian required a shorter working day and they wanted more time for recreation and education.

How have these events improved conditions for those workers?

In 1856, they won the right to have an 8 hour day and have Saturday afternoons off. They received a 48 hour working week, and before they had argued, they had to work 14 hours each day, 6 days a week, so these hours were much better. The conditions had massively improved for the workers as they didn't have to work for as long in a week. This also developed time for Australian rules football and rugby

What are the long term effects of these events?

The long term effects of these events are that the hours kept dropping, and by 1983, the 38 hour week had developed.

Unions

Unions are a group of people who have come together to improve working conditions and other issues in communities. Also to achieve common goals. Unions have won many important changes for workers like holiday pay, equal pay for women, sick pay, superannuation, workers’ compensation and the 8-hour day. Unions also provide members with information, advice and support so that people can be fairly rewarded for their work.

Freedom of Assembly

Democracy

Freedom of Assembly is when you have the right to peacefully gather or meet in public or private.This may be in small or large groups, for any reason that may be political, religious or a celebration.

Case study: Protests

Protesting is important as it demonstrates people's opinions and is about persuading people (who make decisions) to consider the needs and wants of citizens.

What was the protest for, what happened, and who was involved?

The Occupy Perth protestors cause was to protest social inequality between the rich and the poor. The protestors gathered on wall street and people camped for months to prove their point. The people who were involved were a diverse group of people whose common goal was to tell others that the wealthiest one per cent of people in the world had too much control over society.

How did these protesters risk going "outside the bounds of law"

Some of the Australian types of laws that can limit freedom of association include:

- criminal law - Police can restrict criminal or terrorist organizations from gathering in order to reduce the risk of harm or crime to the public.

- public assembly law- Some state and territory laws can give the police a right to stop a gathering if they think it wil turn into a riot or be violent.

How was the protest 'controlled'?

The protest was controlled when the US quickly developed The Occupy Perth movement in Australia. It was a non-violent protest that interceded the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting between the leaders of all Commonwealth nations.

A democracy is a system of government run by the people for the people. In most democratic societies, citizens are involved in running of society, by electing people to represent them. An example of democracy in use is The Australian House of Representatives. The house is made up of the people we have elected to represent us in our democracy.

Freedom of religion

Justice

Freedom of religion is the right to practice and believe in any religion you choose. They can choose from any religion, or even no religion at all.

Case study: Separation of Church and state

- Secularism is the separation of Church and state

- We are a secular nation ( Australia can encourage diversity in society that gives freedom of religion to all people.)

- If one group of people are of one religion that religion is not forced onto other Australians who have other faiths

- Some nations such as Iran and Saudi Arabia have no freedom of religion and whose system is based on religious teachings.

- For example, in Saudi Arabia the religious laws and state laws are combined so any of the religious laws are also state laws.

- This is unfair to the people who are not of Muslim religion because they may not be the same religion but they have to follow the religious rules

- A rule could be that women are not allowed to go outside without being completely covered and accompanied by a man.

In Australia, justice basically means that people should behave, and treat others in a fair way. Although, depending on different cultures and societies can have other meanings such as payback or fairness.

"The justice system" in government is about it's ability to serve justice to people and keep trust with citizens. This can also stop people from breaking the law as they know there are consequences that protect people from injustice. Justice is given to the guilty and the innocent, and a example of justice is giving people the right to a fair trial in court and our rights and laws are written and properly enforced so society is fair.

Freedom of Movement

Freedom of movement is the right to be able to move freely between regions and states within your country. We can also leave a country and re-enter our own country without the government interfering. Although, it is not included in the constitution.

Case study: Movement in North Korea

- In North Korea there is very little freedom of movement and rights of the citizens

- They are ruled by one party/leader

They can't vote or express themselves/citizens are controlled by government

- If the disobey, they could be executed or thrown into prison

- Illegal to leave their country without permission (very hard to get)

- Specific purpose is needed to move within North Korea

- Pyongyang is the capital city and people who don't live there can't enter and get facilities and resources

- Government forces people to move to poorer places for punishment

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