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What is Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism?

Rhetorical Strategies

The Rhetorical Gaze: acts of "looking"

Identification: a process by which we come to feel a relationship to a person, a group, an idea, a belief, or even a worldview

male gaze?

objectifying gaze?

normalizing gaze?

"Mapping the World": actively select and create one type of visual representation among many

how an issue is framed

Hesford and Brueggeman, Rhetorical Visions

what is said

Rhetorical Criticism

form/content

Rhetorical Analysis

Selecting an artifact;

Analyzing the artifact;

Formulating a research question;

Writing the essay;

Foss, Rhetorical Criticism

Rhetorical Triangle (rhetor; text; audience)

Rhetorical Analysis/Criticism

Appeals and Strategies:

Ethical Appeal (ethos)

Emotional Appeal (pathos)

Logical Appeal (logos)

The Art of Rhetoric Handout

Visual rhetoric: how images persuade and argue

systematic investigation and explanation of symbolic acts and artifacts;

Objects: symbolic acts and artifacts;

Ideology: pattern or set of ideas, values, assumptions, and beliefs that shapes and permeates a society, culture, or group and that is made to seem "natural" or objectively "factual"

Artifact: text, trace, tangible evidence of the act;

Purpose: discovering what an artifact teaches about the nature of rhetoric;

Hesford and Brueggeman, Rhetorical Visions

Rhetoric

Foss, Rhetorical Criticism

All the available means of persuasion

(Hesford and Brueggeman, Rhetorical Visions, p. 1)

the human use of symbols to communicate (Foss, "The Nature of Rhetorical Criticism", p. 3)

1) humans as the creators of rhetoric;

2) symbols as the medium for rhetoric;

3) communication as the purpose of rhetoric;

Is rhetoric the same as communication?

Rhetorical Canons

Invention: generate multiple possible topics or multiple possible approaches to a topic; dwelling in multiplicity and possibilities;

(consider all the available means)

Arrangement: text's structure and organization; ordering of information;

(the narrative or storytelling of the piece)

Hesford and Brueggeman, Rhetorical Visions

Style: form of expression and ideas;

(clarity, correctness, and ornamentation)

Memory: process of memorizing and making memorable;

Delivery: voice, pronunciation, facial expression, and gesture;

white space, page layout, font style, etc.;

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