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Step 1: Barriers such as cough reflex, tears, skin oils,
mucus, skin, and stomach acid will usually stop the antigen
from entering the body systems.
Step 2: The antigen successfully enters. But your body is ready for it. Antigen recognition takes place.
Eat ALL
the
antigens!!
Step 3: Antigen elimination! Antibodies and T cells eliminate/eat the antigen.
Step 4: Contraction/Homeostasis: the immune response declines, and everything is restored to normal.
T Cell
Diagram
Step 5: Antibodies and T and B cells meant for that particular disease remain in the body, so
you can fight off that disease quicker if
The Tonsils contain T and B cells, and they often become inflamed in response to infection.
it comes back.
T cells (a type of lymphocyte, which is a type of white blood cell) directly fight specific pathogens, and then Memory T cells persist for later infection.
B cells also fight specific pathogens, and form plasma cells which produce antibodies.
Antibodies- neutralize pathogens (prevent them from doing anything)
Adenoids also contain T and B cells, and they trap bacteria that you inhale or swallow. Adenoids are only needed before age 5, after that they will shrink and disappear.
(These make the T cells)
The Thymus is an organ that produces and trains T cells. It is not needed after childhood, so it slowly turns into adipose tissue.
Fun Fact:
Each of your Lymph Nodes are about the size of a pea.
Lymph Node Diagram
You have a couple hundred of these throughout your body. Lymph nodes filter the lymph coming from the lymphatic vessels.
Spleen Diagram
Sometimes lymph contains bacterial cells picked up from diseased tissue. The lymph nodes get rid of these harmful cells.
The Spleen is an organ that filters out blood and damaged blood cells.
Your appendix assists with the maturation of B cells, and also helps produce a specific type of antibodies.
Fun Fact:
You have around 30 Peyer's Patches in your body.
Peyer's Patch Diagram
Found in the small intestine, these "Peyer's Patches" are storage places for the T and B cells that look for antigens in waste products.
Fun Fact:
4% of your body weight is bone marrow.
Lymphatic vessels are a lot like veins, only with lymph inside them instead of blood. Lymph is a liquid that is 90% water and 10% dissolved proteins, cell waste, hormones, etc.
Red Bone Marrow is where leukocytes (white blood cells) are made. There are many types of leukocytes, broken up into two different categories: Agranular and Granular.
Agranular:
Granular:
Macrophages: eat large invading cells, slow acting
Esinophils/Basophils: Control inflammation*
Neutrophils: Eat invading cells, come to site quickly
Dendritic Cells: Detect invadors, trigger T and B cells
*Inflammation: Bodily response: makes it hard for invading cells to survive (increasing temperature, swelling)