People and Ideas on the Move

Hinduism and Society

New Religions Arise

Origins and Beliefs

Hinduism Changes and Develops

By following the Eightfold Path, anyone could reach nirvana, the Buddha's word for release from selfishness and pain.

Siddhartha's Quest

The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

Buddhism and Society

The Religious Community

Origins and Beliefs

Trade and Spread of Buddhism

Hinduism Develops Over Centuries

Buddhism in India

This nirvana...

No, not this Nirvana....

Traders helped spread Buddhism to other nations, spreading it all across Asia.

The Indo-European Language Family

Hittites Adopt and Adapt

Chariots and Iron Bring Victory

Siddhartha Gautama- founder of Buddhism

Aryan Kingdoms Arise

Despite being its country of origin, Buddhism never gained a foothold in India, but is seen as an important pilgrimage to Buddhists across the world- birthplace, fig tree, first sermon, stupas.

Attracted laborers and craftspeople as Buddha rejected the caste system and flourished in Northern India.

Monks and nuns took a vow of poverty, to not marry, and be nonviolent.

Enlightenment- wisdom

Buddha- "the enlightened one"

Four Noble Truths

• First Nobel Truth- Everything in life is suffering and sorry.
• Second Nobel Truth- The cause of all suffering is people's selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world.
• Third Nobel Truth- The way to end all suffering is to end all desires.
• Fourth Nobel Truth- The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial.

The 5 disciples to hear Buddha's first sermon were the first monks admitted to a sangha, or Buddhist religious order.

The religious community, together with the Buddha and the dharma (Buddhist doctrine or law) make up the Three Jewels of Buddhism.

"I take refuge in the Buddha. I take refuge in the law. I take refuge in the community."

Hindu ideas about karma and reincarnation strengthened the caste system.

Hindu would affect every aspect o a person's life.

A period of speculation reflected in the Upanishads and led to the rise of Jainism and Buddhism.

Mahavira, founder of Jainism, believed that everything in the universe had a soul and should not be harmed.

Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs that developed slowly over a long period of time.

It cannot be traced back to a single founder with a single set of ideas.

Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism

Hindus believe that religion is a way of liberating the soul from the illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of everyday existence.

Reincarnation- individual soul or spirit is born again and again until moksha is achieved.

Karma- good or bad deeds

Languages in this family include English, Sanskrit, Persian, Spanish, and German. They all trace their roots back to the original Indo-European language.

Historians can tell where people settled based on their languages.

Indo-European Migrations

Aryan rulers would claim their authority came from the gods.

The Magadha kingdom would come out of this and capture land surrounding the kingdom and pushed south to occupy almost all of the subcontinent.

The Mahabharata shows the struggles that took place in India as the Aryans moved south.

Excelled in the technology of war- superior chariots and iron weapons.

First to mine iron and harden it into weapons.

Although powerful, the empire fell quickly around 1190 B.C. as part of invasions from tribes from the north.

Akkadian- Babylonian language that the Hittites adopted for international use.

Hittites blended their culture with others, adding their ideas to those of other cultures to make them more innovative.

Hinduism has gone through many changes over the past 2,500 years.

The world soul, Brahman, was seen to have the personality of three gods- Brahma, the creator, Vishnu, the protector, and Shiva, the destroyer.

Now, Hindus are free to worship any god or none at all and are free to choose any of the three paths to achieve moksha.

Aryan Invaders Transform India

An Unexplained Migration

A Caste System Develops

Hittites Blend Empire and Technology

Hinduism and Buddhism, while not as common as other religions, still has many followers today.

Aryans- Indo-European people, crossed the northwest mountains into the Indus River Valley.

Although they left no archaeological record, their sacred text, the Vedas paints a good picture of Aryan culture.

Between 1700 and 1200 B.C. Indo-Europeans began to migrate outward in waves over a long period of time.

Migration- movement of a people from one region to another.

Upon arriving into India, Aryans were divided into three social classes- Brahmins (priests), warriors, and peasants.

Eventually, non-Aryan laborers would form a fourth class.

These classes would be called varnas, later to be known as castes.

Hittites- Anatolian people who settled in Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor).

Hittite empire controlled Southwest Asia for 450 years.

Indo-Europeans- group of seminomadic peoples who came from the steppes- dry grasslands that stretched north of the Causaus

Learning Objectives

Module 3

• Discuss the similarities and differences between the three major religions that are discussed in class.
• How important were the migrations of the Indo-European peoples? How lasting were the changes that they brought? Explain your conclusion.
• What were some of the effects of King Solomon's reign?
• How were the economic foundations of Minoan and Phoenician classifications similar?
• Why was monotheism usual in its time and place?

People and Ideas on the Move

Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries

The Origins of Judaism

The Search for the Promised Land

Let My People Go

Hebrew Law

Unearthing A Brilliant Civilization

The God of Abraham

The Land and People of the Bible

The Kingdom of Israel

The Hebrews are Ruled by Judges

Solomon Builds a Temple

Minoans Trade Far and Wide

Minoan Culture's Mysterious End

A New Covenant

Phoenicians Spread Trade and Civilization

From Ur to Egypt

Phoenicia's Great Legacy: The Alphabet

Commercial Outposts Around the Mediterranean

Decline of the Phoenicians

Saul and David Establish a Kingdom

The Babylonian Captivity

The Kingdom Divides

Why it matters now?

Civilization declined when eastern cities were captured by the Assyrians in 842 B.C.

Later became under the control of the Babylonians, then the Persian empire of King Cyrus I.

Ended about 1200 B.C.- what happened?

Volcanoes and earthquakes plagued Crete. Possible that invaders from Greece attacked following these disasters?

Knossos- the Minoan capital, discovered in the 19th century.

King Minos- King of Minoa, said to have had a labyrinth with a minotaur inside of it.

Most well known for their trading of purple dye.

Had colonies such as Carthage in North Africa and others on coast of Spain.

After arriving in Canaan, the Hebrews were separated into 12 tribes.

Judges would be raised in a time of crisis, the most important of these was Deborah.

Phoenicians- became the most powerful sea traders after the fall of the Minoans. Resided in present day Lebanon and never united into a country, but formed city-states. First to venture past the Straight of Gibraltar.

Greek historian Herodotus on the Phoenicians- page 69.

Deborah's leadership was unusual for the Hebrew culture.

Prophets would interpret the 10 Commandments and urge Hebrews to follow the code and live justly with one another.

Minoans- from the island of Crete, a powerful seafaring civilization that dominated trade in the eastern Mediterranean from about 2000 B.C. to 1400 B.C.

Crete and the Aegean Sea- where are they?

Israel and Judah payed tribute to Assyria.

Tribute- peace money paid by a weaker power to a stronger.

Israel fell to the Assyrians, who would soon fall to the rising Babylonian empire.

Judah would fall to the Babylonian empire headed by King Nebuchadnezzar, who would fall to King Cyrus the Great of Persia.

After Solomon's death, the kingdom splits into two groups, Israel to the north and Judah to the south.

Hebrews wandered for 40 years in the desert before returning to Canaan, making the change from nomadic people to settled herders, farmers, and city dwellers.

Solomon- David's son, created a trading empire with help from the Phoenician city of Tyre. Also headed the construction of a temple, which would contain the Ark of the Covenant.

Ten Commandments- ten laws that Yahweh gave Moses while he was atop of Mount Sinai.

The Exodus- the Hebrew's escape from Egypt.

Moses- man who led the Hebrews out of Egypt.

After their exile, the only large tribe left was the tribe of Judah, which led the Hebrews to be called Jews, and their religion to be named Judaism.

Hebrews united to form the kingdom of Israel around a 100 year period from 1022 B.C. to 922 B.C.

Saul- first king of Israel, chosen for his success in driving the Philistines out of the hills in ancient Palestine.

David- Saul's son-in-law, would unite the tribes and establish Jerusalem as the capital of the dynasty.

Monotheism- belief in a single god.

Covenant- promise between Yahweh and Abraham, where Abraham would obey Yahweh and in turn, he would protect Abraham's descendants.

Torah- first 5 books of the Old Testament, most scared writings to the Hebrews.

Abraham- the "father" of the Hebrew people.

Traders spread knowledge of reading and writing, including an ancient form of the alphabet that we use today.

Palestine- the area that the Phoenicians lived in.

Canaan- home to the Hebrews