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Changes of urban regions

shopping centres &

retail establishments

moved to

,,greenfield - sites"

residential suburbanisation

1960

1990

  • urban development was dominated by suburbanisation
  • urban flight & settlement centres surrounding core cities:

- growing demand for more space

- high land prices

presence of cars

1970

mid 1990

East Germany:

migration to

suburbs started

Polarization within the cities

Today

Growing

&

shrinking cities

  • seperate location qualities in suburban space - wide range of commercial opportunities
  • new office complexes
  • retail establishments
  • motorway junctios
  • airports

Ethnic

Consequences

  • until few years ago ethnically homogenous
  • 1/4 of total population with foreign background
  • Munich: 23.5 %
  • Frankfurt am Main: 21 %
  • Leipzig: 6.5 %
  • Dresden: 5 %
  • disproportionate growth of neighbourhoods
  • social & ethnic segregation

- different levels of income & origins

  • emergence of neighbourhoods with new qualities
  • gap between poor & rich has widened

Growing cities

Development of East & West

  • developed very dynamically after WW ll
  • until 1990 east & west grew independently
  • now grown together

  • some East German cities grow again

- confined to suburbs

- e.g. Berlin (growth noticeable in capital's vicinity)

  • western cities keep growing

- will change because of demographic change

Shrinking cities

  • Ruhr valley, Saarland, coastal regions in west - shrinking for years
  • indicatiors:

- empty flats

- brownfield sites

- change from industrial to service based economy (people left to find work)

Urban System

Changes

of city centre

Economy

Gateway function

Urban Development in Germany

  • balanced urban system
  • system of cities: complex & functional devision of labour
  • network of few larger urban centres - key functions:

- economic, political decisions & supervisory functions

- innovative & copetitive function

- gateway functions

  • Frankfurt am Main: largest airport
  • Munich: second largest airport
  • cities with prominent economic

decisions:

- Frankfurt am Main (field of fiance)

- Munich & Cologne (insurance companies)

- Wolfsburg (VW)

- Gütersloh (seat of Bertelsmann publishing group)

  • no significant commercial operations in east Germany

City centre

Attractivness

  • most important urban space
  • biggest variety of economic, cultural, administrative institutions
  • historical centre - something to identifiy with
  • attractions
  • how cities were rebuilt after WW II:

- "spirit of times"

- original layout

  • with symbolically, functionally, architecturally uprgrade - attractive residential neighbourhoods

University

&

science cities

Political functions

  • covered by 16 state capitals (e.g. Berlin)
  • federal institutions (Leipzig + Karlsruhe)
  • Aachen
  • Freiburg
  • Göttingen
  • Heidelberg

City quarters

  • quarters in eastern & western Germany (Südvorstadt Leipzig/Glockenbach Munich)
  • tend to be in growing cities
  • expanding business companies settled there
  • offer upmarket appartments, mix of retrailers, service providers, cultural establishment

Structure

Conclusion

National level

  • Urban system
  • Growing & shrinking cities
  • Changes of urban regions
  • Polarization
  • Changes of city centre
  • Conclusion
  • Sources

Administration level

  • shrinkin processes - increasing polarisation, more heterogenous cities
  • gentrified neighbourhoods with lots of renovated old building
  • attractive residences & workplaces
  • large housing estates (built 1960s & 1970s)
  • inner city living quarters (concentration of socially marginalised groups)

Sources

  • two strategies to protect economic viability & to contribute social cohesion:

1. increasing communal attractiveness - persuade companies, people to stay, settle or come

2. dealing with unemployment, poverty & exclusion of discrimination

- key task: counterbalance the polarization within the cities

  • Geographische Rundschau - Special Edition 2012, Urban Development in Germany: Towards Polarization - Claus C. Wiegandt

  • www.nationsonline.org
  • https://placemanagementandbranding.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/schrumpfende_stc3a4dte.jpg
  • http://www.echo.ucla.edu/Volume9-Issue1/nye-media/Ruhr_Berlin_map.gif
  • http://gaerial.de/mediapark_koeln.jpg
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