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History

What is TOT?

  • 1890 The Principles of Psychology -William James
  • 1966 Roger Brown + David McNeill

  • Retrieval failure
  • Partial recall

First Empirical Research

  • read out definition -> asked to identify
  • identified 3 types
  • recognized the word after revealed
  • TOT during seeking
  • recalled word was incorrect
  • TOT found to be in 10% of trials

Tip Of The Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

Joy Chiu & Brian Liang

Influencing Factors

Caffeine

Bilingualism

How Caffeine Works

  • Neurology standpoint
  • When recalling happens
  • Experiment conducted
  • Helps with similar short-term recall
  • TOT for unrelated
  • Proper names - same
  • Other words - Bilinguals = more
  • More TOT w/ less dominant language.

Causes

Direct Access View

Inferential View

  • Unrecalled target word.
  • NOT target word
  • Clues

Age

Emotion

Cue-Familiarity Theory

Accessibility Heuristic

Case Study

  • Quantity + strength of info retrieved --> TOT
  • Relevance
  • Recognize clue --> strong feelings --> TOT

Incomplete Activation Hypothesis

Blocking Hypothesis

  • Schwartz and others 2000
  • correlation
  • asked general qs...TOT?
  • 55% frustration
  • 7% excited
  • conclude negative emotion
  • Retrieval cues --> relevant but incorrect word (blockers) --> TOT
  • Older adults & Elderly > younger adults
  • Weaker connections in memory
  • Phonological cues help both
  • Brain Activity
  • Target word not activated enough to be recalled --> sense presence --> TOT
  • Retrieval cues
  • how emotion-TOT unclear
  • emotion elicited by question affects

Transmission Deficit Model

  • Multi-Component Theory
  • Activation of semantic but not phonological component of target word --> TOT

Solutions

Sources

  • Keep experience of language diverse
  • Scrabble
  • Crosswords
  • http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug04/caffeine.aspx
  • http://faculty.mercer.edu/spears_a/studentpages/tipofthetongue/TipoftheTongue.html
  • http://www.missionislam.com/youth/Crosswords_files/crossword1.GIF
  • http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/03/18/sunday-review/18GRAY/18GRAY-articleLarge-v2.jpg
  • http://www.tv411.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/%20%2313%20Revisions%20Sarah%20tiff.jpg
  • http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v7/n9/images/nrm2015-i1.jpg
  • http://www.apa.org/Images/2000-11-sw_tcm7-25332.jpg
  • http://faculty.mercer.edu/spears_a/studentpages/tipofthetongue/mouth.gif
  • http://mercercognitivepsychology.pbworks.com/f/1290570302/tip%20of%20the%20tongue.gif
  • http://photos.forteantimes.com/images/front_picture_library_UK/dir_14/fortean_times_7420_7.jpg
  • http://www.els4kids.com/wp-content/uploads/iStock_000012004046XSmall.jpg
  • http://www.londonpsychologycollective.co.uk/content/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/999002_572100312833779_1473831435_n.jpg
  • http://ponsjournaljourney2learning.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/forgetfulness1.jpg
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