THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830-1848

THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830-1848

The Romantic Imagination

and

National Feeling

 CASE STUDY No:-1

• German philosopher Johann Gottfried herder(1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people- das volke.

• It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of was popularised.

• Collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation building.

Case study no:- 2

• Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

• In France had brought about the abdication of the monarch Nation states

did not yet exist such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

• They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation

of a nation-state

on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.

• In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were

middle-class

professionals.

, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided

to vote for an

all-German National Assembly.

ON 18th May’ 1848:-

• 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take

their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.

• They drafted a constitution for a German nation to beheaded by a monarchy subject to a parliament. When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded.

• The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.

• The issue of extending political rights to women was a

controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.

• Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.

• Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

 Liberal movements in 1848:-

• Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal

movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order.

• Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.

• Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.

done by:-

SUHAS

MEDHA

AAKANSHA

NIKHILA

ASHUTOSH

HUNGER,HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLT

“First upheaval took place in 1830”’

1848: The Revolution of the Liberals

• In the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.

Bourbon kings who restored power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now thrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with LOUIS PHILIPPE.

February 1848

1830’s great economic hardship in Europe.

• Enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.

• In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

“The July revolution”

The German Feelings..

The July revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom.

two different nations

1821:- “Geek war of independence”

Inside The Polish People....

Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off the struggle for independence.

1832:-

Finally, the treaty of Constantinople, recognised Greece as independent.

1848:-

Food shortages and widespread unemployment.

 Louis Philippe was forced to flee.

 National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21,

and guaranteed the right to work. National workshops to provide employment were set up.

. Earlier in 1845 weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw

materials and gave them orders for finished textiles but reduced their payment drastically.

.On JUNE 4 1845 at 2 PM a large crowd marched upto their contractors in demand of higher

payments.....

.The contractors fled away with their family..and came back with the army and 11 weavers

were shot in the process..

Finally, the treaty of Constantinople, recognised Greece as independent.

• In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.

• Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.

• Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction.

• As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance

1824:- “The massacre to chios Eugene Delacrxi”

• Delacroix was one of the most important French Romantic painters. This huge painting depicts an incident.

people awaiting death

or slavery.............

here 20000

greeks were killed by turks