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Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Works Cited

“Aromatic Compounds and Aromaticity,” UEA. University of East Anglia, 2012. Web. June 1 2014.

<http://www.uea.ac.uk/~c286/aromaticnotes.htm>.

Naming Cyclic Hydrocarbons

What Is A

Hydrocarbon?

Heptane

Hexane

Pentane

Propane

Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons

  • Organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
  • Divided into 2 categories:
  • Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
  • Prefix: Cyclo-
  • Named by the shape they are formed by

Decane

Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Odor

HYDROCARBONS

ALL aromatic compounds have an odor. Could be heavenly or putrid.

State at SATP

  • Liquid

Polarity

  • Varies on compounds, can be polar or non-polar
  • Symmetrical and non-polar unless they contain a substituent in which will make compound polar

Melting Point

  • The bigger the molecule, the lower the melting point
  • Melting point of benzene: 5.5
  • Melting point of methylbenzene: -95

Boiling Point

  • The larger the molecule, the higher the boiling point
  • Boiling point of benzene: 8.0
  • Boiling point of methylbenzene: 111

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

2nd Method

1st Method

Solubility

INSOLUBLE in water

  • A compound in which contains 1 or more benzene ring

Why?

  • Compound consisting of only carbon & hydrocarbon. Joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Used when a benzene ring is a side chain

Used when a benzene ring is the parent molecule

What is a Benzene Ring?

  • Flat 6 carbon ring
  • 1 hydrogen atom bonded to each carbon atom
  • Alternating double bonds

THUS,

A chemical formula of C6H6

2.A)

1.B)

1.C)

1.A)

Unsaturated Aliphatic

Saturated

Aliphatic

Used when there is TWO OR MORE non-carbon or small alkyl group attached to benzene

Used when 1 or more benzene side chains

Used when there are TWO benzene side chains

  • Side chains are listed alphabetically

Suffix: -benzene

Used when there is ONE non-carbon or small alkyl group attached to benzene

EG: 3-phenylhexane

  • Numbered according to placement of alkyl group, using lowest possible numbers

Suffix: -benzene

Prefix: Phenyl-

EG: ortho dichlorobenzene

EG: 1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene

  • At least 1 double bond
  • Carbons don't have the maximum number of hydrogen
  • Only single bonds
  • Carbons contain a maximum number of hydrogen
  • Numbered according to placement, using lowest numbers

EG: Chlorobenzene

  • Uses prefix's ortho-, meta-, or para- depending on placement
  • Suffix: -benzene

Alkane

Cyclic

Alkyne

Alkene

Only SINGLE bonds

Carbon atoms join to form a ring

At least 1 DOUBLE bond

At least 1 TRIPLE bond

REACTIONS

This is because...

Remember the proposed cyclic structure :C6H6

  • Rather than having 3 double bonds and 3 single bonds, benzene would need its valence electrons to be shared equally among all 6 C atoms-->making 6 identical bonds
  • So there is no specific location for the shared electrons b/c all of the bond strengths are equal between single and double bonds; so benzene rings do not undergo addition reactions as double bonds do

• Undergo substitution reactions, similar to alkanes

• Benzene rings DO NOT undergo addition reactions except under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure

Substitution Reactions

Reaction in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

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