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Deaf:

- A person must have a hearing loss of 70 to 90 decibels or more.

- Unable to hear even with amplifications

Hard of Hearing:

- Has a hearing loss of 20 to 70 decibels.

- Benefits from amplifications

- Communicates mostly through speaking

Defining Visual Impairments

Visual Impairments

Levels of Visual Impairment

Causes

Vision involves both the eye and brain. Damage to visual can occur during development in the embryo, immediately after a infant is born, or during the developmental process.

Congenital: Occurs at birth or, the case of blindness, before visual memory has been established.

Objectives

  • You will learn about the two definitions of visual impairment and the three ways of categorizing visual impairments
  • You will learn about the two types of visual impairments: congenital and adventitious
  • You will learn about supplementary aids and services.

Adventitious: Individuals that acquire a vision loss after having unimpaired vision. They may loose their sight caused by heredity or an event, trauma.

Legal Blindness: Some individuals that are legally bind have a great deal of useful vision and can read print.

Acuity:

Acuity determines the depth of blindness. Acuity is determined by having individuals read letters on a chart.

  • 20/20 acuity
  • 20/200 acuity: individuals who can only read the top line 20 feet away.

Including Students with Visual Impairments

Blindness does not affect what a student can learn but how they learn

  • In 2008, 62% of students with a visual impairment spent 80-100% of their time in the general education classroom
  • 14% spent 40- 79% in the general education classroom

Supplementary aids and services

  • Braille: A tactile method of reading.
  • Optical Devices: Glasses, telescopes, and magnifying lenses.
  • Large print books
  • Assistive Technology: Electronic braille taker, interactive software
  • When teachers supplement general education curriculum with graphic based sources

It is important that teachers focus on three areas when developing curriculum for students that are visually impaired: daily living skills, orientation and mobility, and self-determination.

Visual Disability

a. 20/20

b. reduced visual acuity

c. and d. restricted fields of vision

Idea defines a visual disability as "an impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness."

The Three Ways to Categorize Visual Impairments

Low Vision: individuals who can read print but they may require optical aids like magnifying lenses (glasses). Some will read both braille and print and rely on vision for learning. They may not be legally blind.

Functionally Blind: individuals who typically use braille for reading and writing. They may rely on their vision to move around their environment. The use a combination of tactile and auditory learning.

Totally Blind: individuals that do not have meaningful input through their visual sense. They use tactile and auditory means to learn about their environment and they typically read braille.

Characteristics

Hearing loss impairs language, but IQ is similar to the rest of the population

Academic issues come from difficulties in speaking, reading, and writing.

Instructional Strategies

Lesson planning should include concept planning, language goals, speech goals, and auditory goals.

Supplementary Aids

Communication Options

Early Childhood Students

Hearing Aids: Amplify sound but do not correct hearing

Cochlear Implants: Electronic device surgically implanted under skin and behind ear. Magnets connects to external magnet sound transmitter

Managing environment/acoustics: Microphones can be used in classrooms to amplify sound. Receivers can be linked to hearing aids.

Assistive Technology: Captioning videos

Computers and the Internet: Provides access to instructional support such as translation software.

Interpreters: Translators can be present in classrooms to translate spoken words into sign.

Conclusion

Elementary and Middle School Students

American Sign Language (ASL): Used most in North America. ASL is it's own language, not just a visual representation of English

Fingerspelling: Hand representation of the alphabet.

Manual Communication: Mixture of sign language and other visual representations of communications.

People with hearing loss depend greatly on visual communication

Early Intervention: Access to language-rich environment is important. Access to programs, such as The Shared Reading Project, give deaf children the opportunity to learn with similar peers, developmental skills, and support.

Hands on experiences

Make learning authentic

graphic organizers and other visuals (similar strategies to ESL)

Captioning and Labeling

Deaf Community

Create opportunities for self-expression: let students bring their deaf culture into the classroom

Provide Deaf Role Models: It can be inspiring for deaf students to interact with deaf adults.

Teach Deaf Studies: The deaf community, history, and famous deaf people can be incorporated in any subject.

Objectives

Determining the Causes

Congenital loss: Hearing loss present at birth

Acquired loss: Hearing loss after birth

Genetic Causes

Results from inheriting an autosomal resessive gene

Postnatal Causes

Infections such as bacterial meningitis and ear infections

Prenatal Causes

Being exposed to viruses and bacteria before or after birth

Lack of oxygen during birth

Infection that occurs during pregnancy or early infancy

You will learn about the different types of hearing loss

You will learn about the parts of the ear

You will learn about the ways students with hearing loss communicate

You will learn about the evaluation process for hearing loss

You will learn about the importance of a deaf community

Postlingual Causes

Injury to the skull can cause damage to the cochlea and middle-ear bones

Exposure to excessively loud noises can cause damage to the cochlea

Defining Hearing Loss

References

Turnbull, A., Turnbull, R., Wehmeyer, M.L., Shogren, K.A., 2013. Exceptional lives:special education in today's schools. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Education, Inc.

There are two terms that describe hearing loss: Deafness and Hard of Hearing.

Retrieved from www.coopersafety.com

Diagnostic Assessment

The sooner a hearing impairment is detected, the quicker intervention can begin.

Diagnosis is made by professionals, a primary doctor, an otologist, and an audiologist

Understanding Students with Visual and Hearing Impairments

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