Introducing 

Prezi AI.

Your new presentation assistant.

Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.

Loading…
Transcript

Output Hypothesis

Input Hypothesis

"Learners who maintain high levels of interaction [HIGs] in second language, progressed at a faster rate than learners who interacted little [LIGs]"

Seliger(1983) p.298

  • Learners who speak more learn faster than passive learners.

Comprehensible input is necessary and sufficient for acquisition.

Output has no direct role in acquisition

With enough quantity of input--> speech will emerge

(Innatist theory)

A lesson designed based on Interaction Hypothesis can involve those [LIGs] in communications which increase their chances of output.

Constructivist Theory

ONLY exposure or input is not enough to ensure acquisition

Merrill Swain 1985

  • During the interaction when learners speak they need to recall what they have learned (e.g. vocabularies, grammar, phrases and sentence structures).
  • The listener has to process the information he gets.

Cognitive

  • When the information is familiar, it becomes reinforcement practice.

Table 10.3

What is Interaction Hypothesis?

  • When the information is new they can connect it to their familiar pieces, which leads to subsumption.

Theories and models of SLA

  • Michael Long
  • Krashen
  • Interaction Hypothesis

  • Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, authored by H. Douglas Brown

  • Overview of Preceding Theoretical Positions and models theorized before Michael Long
  • Long’s view, interaction (communications) and input (contributions)
  • Gass and Varonis ably pointed out that such a view is not subscribed to by all

How some of Van Patten's observations relate to IH

Interaction Hypothesis

What activities would you use?

Negotiation for meaning

  • Information Gap- Partners need information that the other has; work together to acquire each other's information & accomplish a task

1. Exposure input is necessary for SLA (Modified input in IH)

  • Repetition
  • Confirmation
  • Comprehension Checks
  • Clarification Requests
  • Group story building
  • Spot the difference
  • Communicative crosswords
  • Problem solving

What are the students' jobs?

  • Partners are forced to communicate to gather info

Teachers to Hire

  • Negotiation for meaning takes place for the pair to comprehend how to complete the task
  • Creative
  • Listen to their partners

History of Interaction Hypothesis

Modified Interaction

Conversational Adjustment

Comprehension of Input

Language Acquisition

  • Willing to let Ss make mistakes & work together
  • Ask questions that help them comprehend
  • Values meaningful & practical lessons
  • Be patient with one another
  • Motivational skills

2. A good deal of SLA happens incidentally. (Takes place during the conversation)

  • Negotiation for meaning and task-based activities can become tedious
  • "...making the struggle to communicate a kind of team effort..." (Long & Porter 221).
  • Innatist model
  • Encouraging
  • Frustration or embarrassment can take place
  • Innatist Theory pioneered by Naom Chomsky—concerned with first language acquisition.
  • Social constructivist perspectives—Current Approaches that are associated with more CURRENT APPROACHES

  • Interpersonal context

3. Second language learning is variable in its out come.

[Interaction Hypothesis in the Classroom]

  • Chomsky’s Argument

Missing from the Classroom!

What is the teacher's job?

4. There are limits on the effects of instruction on SLA. (So leave the students interacting with each other)

  • Very little teacher-led input (most input & output taking place between Ss)

A study of the effect of study abroad and the home stay on the development of linguistic and interactional practices by Spanish L2 learners.

  • Give meaningful, brief presentations with the goal of interaction in mind
  • Create activities that are well thought out

By Alfonso Abad Mancheno 2008

  • The teacher is doing very little correcting because accuracy & clarification are supposed to be taking place through the Ss interactions

What does it look like?

Results support the Interaction Hypothesis (Long, 1983)

Results also show that family setting is more beneficial than the apartment setting because it creates more opportunities to negotiate for meaning.

  • Short, teacher-led presentations
  • Activity Guidelines:
  • Use new language presented
  • Not centered on accuracy
  • Gives the students freedom to develop personalized, creative talk
  • Meaningful; applicable

  • Shorter Focused-practices (accuracy is not primary)
  • Let Ss figure out their mistakes by interacting with others

5. There are limits on the effects of output on

language acquisition.

  • "...outside the classroom, where accuracy is often important but where communicative ability is always at a premium" (Long & Porter (209).
  • Goal is to get the students interacting.

Proofs

NNSs interaction with each other is as efficient as NSs with NNSs

Long 1985

The limitations of Interaction Hypothesis

1. Input and interaction alone are not enough to learn a target language.

2.Individual differences have been neglected. People learn in different

ways.

Interaction Hypothesis

How to avoid these and apply the theory to classroom? What activities

can the teachers do?

Learn more about creating dynamic, engaging presentations with Prezi