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Absorption
1-Gisolfi, C. V., Summers, R. W., Schedl, H. P., & Bleiler, T. L. (1992).
Intestinal water absorption from select carbohydrate solutions in humans.
Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(5), 2142-2150.
2- HP, S., RJ, M., & CV, G. (1994). Intestinal absorption during rest and exercise:
implications for formulating an oral rehydration solution (ORS. Europe
PubMed Central, 26(3), 267-280.
3- O'Rourke, M., Shi, X., Gisolfi, C., & Schedl, H. (1995). Effect of Absorption of
D-Glucose and Water on Paracellular Transport in Rat Duodenum-Jejunum.
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 309(3).
Urine Specefic gravity
1- Coombes, J. S., & Hamilton, K. L. (2000). The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks. Sports Medecine, 29(3), 181-209.
2- Corso, J. D., Estevez, E., Baquero, R. A., & Mora-Rodriquez, R. (2008).
Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available
sports drinks during. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism,
33(2), 290-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/H07-188
3- Shirreffs, S. M., Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Keil, M., Love, T. D., & Phillips, S.
(2007). Rehydration after exercise in the heat: A comparison of 4 commonly
used drinks. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise
Metabolism, 17, 244-258.
4- Stover, E. A., Petrie, H. J., Passe, D., Horswill, C. A., Murray, B., & Wildman,
R. (n.d.). Urine specefic gravity in exercisers prior to physical training.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(6), 621-625.
http://dx.doi.org/320-327,10.1139/h06-004
What is a better source of hydration: water and a clementine or Gatorade
Importance of hydration on performence
1: Cheung, S. S., & McLellan, T. M. (1998). Heat acclimation, aerobic fitness, and
hydration effects on tolerance during uncompensable heat stress. Journal of
Applied Physiology, 84(5), 1731-1739. http://dx.doi.org/
2: Judelson, D. A., Maresh, C. M., Anderson, J. M., Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J.,
Kraemer, W. J., & Volek, J. S. (2007). Hydration and muscular performance.
Sports Medicine, 37(10), 907-921.
3:Periard, J. D., Racinais, S., Knez, W. L., Herrera, C. P., Christian, R. J., &
Girard, O. (2014). Coping with heat stress during match-play tennis: Does
an individualised hydration regimen enhance performance and recovery?
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(48), 64-170. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1136
NUMBER 3
4: Grandjean, A. C., & Grandjean, N. R. (2007). Dehydration and cognitive
performance. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 26(5).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2007.10719657
NUMBER 4
What the participants do before the experiment.
What if someone feels sick or tired?
What if someone had a huge meal before they came?
Gatorade nutrition facts
Water vs. Gatorade
"Gatorade Thirst Quencher replenishes better than water, which is why it’s trusted by some of the world’s best athletes." -Pepsi Co Website
Gatorade vs. Clementine
What Gatorade is meant to do.
Who should drink Gatorade?
how long does it take to rehydrate?
Urine Spectrometer
Stationary Bike
Validity of the instruments
Athletes ingesting water and a clementine will record higher hydration levels than athletes who ingested Gatorade.
Testing hydration
1- Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., Hillman, S. K., Montain, S. J., Reiff, R. V.,
Rich, B. S. E., . . . Stone, J. A. (2000). National Athletic Trainers'
Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for Athletes. Journal of
Athletic Training, 35(2), 212-224.
2- Shirreffs, S. M., Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Keil, M., Love, T. D., & Phillips, S.
(2007). Rehydration after exercise in the heat: A comparison of 4 commonly
used drinks. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise
Metabolism, 17, 244-258.
3- Singnet, J. (2008). Dehydration rates and rehydration efficacy of water and
sports drink during one hour of moderate intensity exercise in well-trained
flatwater kayakers
4- Stover, E. A., Petrie, H. J., Passe, D., Horswill, C. A., Murray, B., & Wildman,
R. (n.d.). Urine specefic gravity in exercisers prior to physical training.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(6), 621-625.
http://dx.doi.org/320-327,10.1139/h06-004
5- Valiente, J. S., Utter, A. C., Quindry, J. C., & Nieman, D. C. (2009). Effects
of commercially formulated water on the hydration status of dehydrate
collegiate wrestlers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,
23(8), 2210-2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bac56e
Importance of hydration on performence
5: Szinnai, G., Schachinger, H., Arnaud, M. J., Linder, L., & Keller, U. (2005).
Effect of water deprivation on cognitive-motor performance in healthy men
and women. American Physiological Society, 289(1), R275-R280.
HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1152/ajpregu.00501.2004
NUMBER 5
6:Cian, C., Barraud, P. A., Melin, B., & Raphel, C. (2001). Effects of fluid
ingestion on cognitive function after heat stress or exercise-induced
dehydration. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42(3), 243-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(01)00142-8
NUMBER 6
7: Szinnai, G., Schachinger, H., Arnaud, M. J., Linder, L., & Keller, U. (2005).
Effect of water deprivation on cognitive-motor performance in healthy men
and women. American Physiological Society, 289(1), R275-R280.
HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1152/ajpregu.00501.2004
8: Fukagawa, N. K., Ritz, P., & Berrut, G. (2005). The Importance of Good Hydration
for Day-to-Day Health. International Life Sciences Institute, 63(1).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00155.x
NUMBER 8
1- Completed the NIH online course for Protecting Human Research Participants
2-Research was conducted on various ways to hydrate athletes and method to test hydration levels.
3- Developed consent and assent forms
4- Instrumentation
5- Proposal sent to the IRB
6- After receiving IRB approval, pilot study conducted.
7- Go back to the IRB
8- Recruited subjects for the research
9- Conducting the study
10- Getting results.....
Possible risks include:
1- Normal risks for cycling on a bike for 30 min
2- Allergic reaction to Gatorade or the clementine
3- If you are diabetic you will not be allowed to participate in this study due to the sugar levels of the clementine and Gatorade.
Independent Variable: If they drink water and a clementine or Gatorade
Dependent Variable: Hydration levels
Pre-test
Cycling
Ingestion and rest
Post-test
Confidentiality of data
Gatorade vs. Water
1-Coombes, J. S., & Hamilton, K. L. (2000). The effectiveness of commercially
available sports drinks. Sports Medecine, 29(3), 181-209.
2- Corso, J. D., Estevez, E., Baquero, R. A., & Mora-Rodriquez, R. (2008).
Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available
sports drinks during. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism,
33(2), 290-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/H07-188
3- Danielson, A., Morris, L., Neiderhauser, L., Stanek, K., Wolter, J., &
Danielson, A. R. (2006). The physiological effects of water vs. Gatorade
during prolonged exercise. J Undergrad, 1(1), 15-22.
4-Harkacz, O. M., Sr., Carnes, D. L., Jr., & Walker, W. A., I I I. (1997).
Determination of periodontal ligament cell viability in the oral
rehydration fluid gatorade and milks of varying fat content. Journal of
Endodontics, 23(11), 687-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
5-Shirreffs, S. M., Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Keil, M., Love, T. D., & Phillips, S.
(2007). Rehydration after exercise in the heat: A comparison of 4 commonly
used drinks. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise
Metabolism, 17, 244-258.
Different fluids
1- Coombes, J. S., & Hamilton, K. L. (2000). The Effectiveness of Commercially
Available Sports Drinks. Sports Medicine, 29(3), 181-209.
2- Grandjean, A. C., Reimers, K. J., Bannick, K. E., & Haven, M. C. (2000). The
Effect of Caffeinated, Non-Caffeinated, Caloric and Non-Caloric Beverages
on Hydration. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(5), 591-600.
http://dx.doi/org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718956
3- Shirreffs, S. M., Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Keil, M., Love, T. D., & Phillips, S.
(2007). Rehydration after exercise in the heat: A comparison of 4 commonly
used drinks. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise
Metabolism, 17, 244-258.
4- Valiente, J. S., Utter, A. C., Quindry, J. C., & Nieman, D. C. (2009). Effects
of commercially formulated water on the hydration status of dehydrate
collegiate wrestlers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,
23(8), 2210-2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bac56e