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Honors in wellness project

Research Question

Background information

Avoiding Biases

Absorption

1-Gisolfi, C. V., Summers, R. W., Schedl, H. P., & Bleiler, T. L. (1992).

Intestinal water absorption from select carbohydrate solutions in humans.

Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(5), 2142-2150.

2- HP, S., RJ, M., & CV, G. (1994). Intestinal absorption during rest and exercise:

implications for formulating an oral rehydration solution (ORS. Europe

PubMed Central, 26(3), 267-280.

3- O'Rourke, M., Shi, X., Gisolfi, C., & Schedl, H. (1995). Effect of Absorption of

D-Glucose and Water on Paracellular Transport in Rat Duodenum-Jejunum.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 309(3).

Urine Specefic gravity

1- Coombes, J. S., & Hamilton, K. L. (2000). The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks. Sports Medecine, 29(3), 181-209.

2- Corso, J. D., Estevez, E., Baquero, R. A., & Mora-Rodriquez, R. (2008).

Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available

sports drinks during. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism,

33(2), 290-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/H07-188

3- Shirreffs, S. M., Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Keil, M., Love, T. D., & Phillips, S.

(2007). Rehydration after exercise in the heat: A comparison of 4 commonly

used drinks. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise

Metabolism, 17, 244-258.

4- Stover, E. A., Petrie, H. J., Passe, D., Horswill, C. A., Murray, B., & Wildman,

R. (n.d.). Urine specefic gravity in exercisers prior to physical training.

Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(6), 621-625.

http://dx.doi.org/320-327,10.1139/h06-004

What is a better source of hydration: water and a clementine or Gatorade

Importance of hydration on performence

1: Cheung, S. S., & McLellan, T. M. (1998). Heat acclimation, aerobic fitness, and

hydration effects on tolerance during uncompensable heat stress. Journal of

Applied Physiology, 84(5), 1731-1739. http://dx.doi.org/

2: Judelson, D. A., Maresh, C. M., Anderson, J. M., Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J.,

Kraemer, W. J., & Volek, J. S. (2007). Hydration and muscular performance.

Sports Medicine, 37(10), 907-921.

3:Periard, J. D., Racinais, S., Knez, W. L., Herrera, C. P., Christian, R. J., &

Girard, O. (2014). Coping with heat stress during match-play tennis: Does

an individualised hydration regimen enhance performance and recovery?

British Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(48), 64-170. http://dx.doi.org/

10.1136

NUMBER 3

4: Grandjean, A. C., & Grandjean, N. R. (2007). Dehydration and cognitive

performance. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 26(5).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2007.10719657

NUMBER 4

What the participants do before the experiment.

What if someone feels sick or tired?

What if someone had a huge meal before they came?

Gatorade nutrition facts

Water vs. Gatorade

"Gatorade Thirst Quencher replenishes better than water, which is why it’s trusted by some of the world’s best athletes." -Pepsi Co Website

Gatorade vs. Clementine

What Gatorade is meant to do.

Who should drink Gatorade?

how long does it take to rehydrate?

Instrumentation

Hypothesis

Urine Spectrometer

Stationary Bike

Validity of the instruments

Athletes ingesting water and a clementine will record higher hydration levels than athletes who ingested Gatorade.

Testing hydration

1- Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., Hillman, S. K., Montain, S. J., Reiff, R. V.,

Rich, B. S. E., . . . Stone, J. A. (2000). National Athletic Trainers'

Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for Athletes. Journal of

Athletic Training, 35(2), 212-224.

2- Shirreffs, S. M., Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Keil, M., Love, T. D., & Phillips, S.

(2007). Rehydration after exercise in the heat: A comparison of 4 commonly

used drinks. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise

Metabolism, 17, 244-258.

3- Singnet, J. (2008). Dehydration rates and rehydration efficacy of water and

sports drink during one hour of moderate intensity exercise in well-trained

flatwater kayakers

4- Stover, E. A., Petrie, H. J., Passe, D., Horswill, C. A., Murray, B., & Wildman,

R. (n.d.). Urine specefic gravity in exercisers prior to physical training.

Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(6), 621-625.

http://dx.doi.org/320-327,10.1139/h06-004

5- Valiente, J. S., Utter, A. C., Quindry, J. C., & Nieman, D. C. (2009). Effects

of commercially formulated water on the hydration status of dehydrate

collegiate wrestlers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,

23(8), 2210-2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bac56e

Importance of hydration on performence

5: Szinnai, G., Schachinger, H., Arnaud, M. J., Linder, L., & Keller, U. (2005).

Effect of water deprivation on cognitive-motor performance in healthy men

and women. American Physiological Society, 289(1), R275-R280.

HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1152/ajpregu.00501.2004

NUMBER 5

6:Cian, C., Barraud, P. A., Melin, B., & Raphel, C. (2001). Effects of fluid

ingestion on cognitive function after heat stress or exercise-induced

dehydration. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42(3), 243-251.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(01)00142-8

NUMBER 6

7: Szinnai, G., Schachinger, H., Arnaud, M. J., Linder, L., & Keller, U. (2005).

Effect of water deprivation on cognitive-motor performance in healthy men

and women. American Physiological Society, 289(1), R275-R280.

HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1152/ajpregu.00501.2004

8: Fukagawa, N. K., Ritz, P., & Berrut, G. (2005). The Importance of Good Hydration

for Day-to-Day Health. International Life Sciences Institute, 63(1).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00155.x

NUMBER 8

Methodology

Avoiding Risks

1- Completed the NIH online course for Protecting Human Research Participants

2-Research was conducted on various ways to hydrate athletes and method to test hydration levels.

3- Developed consent and assent forms

4- Instrumentation

5- Proposal sent to the IRB

6- After receiving IRB approval, pilot study conducted.

7- Go back to the IRB

8- Recruited subjects for the research

9- Conducting the study

10- Getting results.....

Variables

Possible risks include:

1- Normal risks for cycling on a bike for 30 min

2- Allergic reaction to Gatorade or the clementine

3- If you are diabetic you will not be allowed to participate in this study due to the sugar levels of the clementine and Gatorade.

Independent Variable: If they drink water and a clementine or Gatorade

Dependent Variable: Hydration levels

Research Design

Pre-test

Cycling

Ingestion and rest

Post-test

Confidentiality of data

Gatorade vs. Water

1-Coombes, J. S., & Hamilton, K. L. (2000). The effectiveness of commercially

available sports drinks. Sports Medecine, 29(3), 181-209.

2- Corso, J. D., Estevez, E., Baquero, R. A., & Mora-Rodriquez, R. (2008).

Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available

sports drinks during. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism,

33(2), 290-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/H07-188

3- Danielson, A., Morris, L., Neiderhauser, L., Stanek, K., Wolter, J., &

Danielson, A. R. (2006). The physiological effects of water vs. Gatorade

during prolonged exercise. J Undergrad, 1(1), 15-22.

4-Harkacz, O. M., Sr., Carnes, D. L., Jr., & Walker, W. A., I I I. (1997).

Determination of periodontal ligament cell viability in the oral

rehydration fluid gatorade and milks of varying fat content. Journal of

Endodontics, 23(11), 687-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/

5-Shirreffs, S. M., Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Keil, M., Love, T. D., & Phillips, S.

(2007). Rehydration after exercise in the heat: A comparison of 4 commonly

used drinks. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise

Metabolism, 17, 244-258.

Different fluids

1- Coombes, J. S., & Hamilton, K. L. (2000). The Effectiveness of Commercially

Available Sports Drinks. Sports Medicine, 29(3), 181-209.

2- Grandjean, A. C., Reimers, K. J., Bannick, K. E., & Haven, M. C. (2000). The

Effect of Caffeinated, Non-Caffeinated, Caloric and Non-Caloric Beverages

on Hydration. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(5), 591-600.

http://dx.doi/org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718956

3- Shirreffs, S. M., Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Keil, M., Love, T. D., & Phillips, S.

(2007). Rehydration after exercise in the heat: A comparison of 4 commonly

used drinks. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise

Metabolism, 17, 244-258.

4- Valiente, J. S., Utter, A. C., Quindry, J. C., & Nieman, D. C. (2009). Effects

of commercially formulated water on the hydration status of dehydrate

collegiate wrestlers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,

23(8), 2210-2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bac56e

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