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What are chemical bonds?

Chemistry is the movement of electrons between atoms

Sometimes atoms share electrons. Sometimes one atom simply takes electrons.

Shared or taken, compounds form chemical bonds.

What is electronegativity?

Related to ionization energy/electron affinity.

Electronegativity - attraction/pull on shared electrons

2-1: The Electronegativity Triangle

Follows the same trend as IE/EA

Understanding different kinds of bonds using electronegativity

Three kinds of bonds

and the bonding triangle

Thanks to electronegativity, there are three bonds:

  • Ionic - High electronegativity difference
  • Covalent - Low difference, high total
  • Metallic - Low difference, low total

Ionic Bonds

High electronegativity difference

One Metal + One Nonmetal = One Salt (ionic compound)

Nonmetal (usually) steals electrons from metal

Produces cations, anions

Positive, negative charges attract

Metallic

Covalent

Two metals, low electronegativity, low difference between them

Two nonmetals - high electronegativity, low difference between them

Electrons shared between atoms

Neither element has a strong desire for electrons

Form covalent bonds, atomic orbitals with valence electrons mix, form molecular orbitals

Atomic orbitals mix, but en masse, throughout the whole metal

Forms a "sea of electrons" moving through the whole structure

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