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Second Generation

(1956-1963) Transistors

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

Alan Turing

Herman Hollerith

Charles Babbage

• used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory

•were often enormous, taking up entire rooms

•They were very expensive to operate and used alot of electricity, the first computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

• First generation computers relied on machine language, lowest-level programming language

•They could only solve one problem at a time, and it could take days or weeks to set-up a new problem

• The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices

•Transistors replace vacuum tubes

•The transistor was far superior, computers became smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation

•Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output

•These computers used high-level programming languages

•First computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

•were developed for the atomic energy industry.

• 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954

• During World War II, Turing was a leading participant in wartime code-breaking, particularly that of German ciphers. He worked at wartime station, where he made five major advances in the field of cryptanalysis, including specifying the bomb, an electromechanical device used to help decipher German Enigma encrypted signals.

•He introduced the Universal Turing Machine, a hypothetical machine used for computability theory proofs that is regarded as the first digital computer

•Turing introduced the Turing Test to prove his theory that computers eventually would be constructed that would be capable of human thought. His papers on the subject provide a foundation for modern research in artificial intelligence.

• February 29, 1860 - November 17, 1929n 1881,

• Herman Hollerith began designing a machine to tabulate census data more efficiently than by traditional hand methods.

• Invented the Tabulating Machine

• 26 December 1791 –18 October 1871

• Considered by some to be a "father of the computer" Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs.

•Babbage’s Difference Engine No.1 was the first successful automatic calculator

•Babbage began developing a mechanical device to perform simple mathematical calculations

Examples of First Generation Computers

ENIAC

UNIVAC

• The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

•ENIAC, an acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

•The first computer ENIAC, was developed by Army Ordnance to computer World War II ballistic firing tables. It weighed 30 tons and used 200 kilowatts of electric power.

•The ENIAC performed arithmetic and transfer operations simultaneously.

•It took weeks of set-up time to program new problems.

•Alan Turing-One of the first electronic general-purpose computer which could solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

-The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers

-Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

-users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system

-Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

-Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence

- The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality

-Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come

-The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

-The microprocessor, thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

-The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

-In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.

-They could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet

-Brought the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices

History of Computers Assignment

Erum & Saranyaa

TEJ3M1

The End

Bibliography

http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/FiveGenerations.asp

http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/bios/b.asp

http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/historyofcomputers.html

http://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html

http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading03.htm

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