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Facts About the Product:
Drought tolerant maize variant
Able to mature under limited rainfall
Suitable for marginal rainfall areas
136 days to mature
Normally: 150 – 180 days
Able to mature under limited rainfall
Suitable for marginal rainfall areas
Under drought conditions, it has a significant yield advantage over other hybrids
Normal yield 13 tonnes/hectare under normal rainfall
Indicator 1: Net Enrolment Rate (NER) in primary education
Defined as : % of children (age 6-13) is enrolled in schools.
Target: All Boys and Girls should be able to complete a Full Course of Primary Schooling by 2015
The implementation of MDGs is done through medium term strategies:
1.) Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy(2000-2005)
- Strategy emphasized on poverty reduction
2.) Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (2006- 2011)
-Strategy emphasized on wealth creation and sustainable economic growth.
Indicator 3: Ratio of Literate Women to Men 15-24 year olds
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2) Achieve universal primary education
3) Promote gender equality and empowerment of women
4) Reduce child mortality
5) Improve maternal health
6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7) Ensure environmental sustainability
8) Develop a global partnership for development
This long term development agenda is prescribed in the 2000 Millennium Declaration, to which 189 member countries, including Malawi.
The agenda has 8 goals, which are aimed to achieve by 2015.
Indicator 3: Literacy Rate of 15 – 24 year-olds
Target : Eliminate Gender Disparity in Primary and Secondary Education, preferably by 2005, and in all Levels of Education no later than 2015.
Indicator 2: Proportion of pupils starting Grade 1 who reach Grade 5
Challenges:
· shortage of qualified primary school teachers;
· inadequate physical infrastructure;
· poor retention of girls mainly from standard five to eight;
· high disease burden due to HIV and AIDS consequently leadinto absenteeism, especially among girls who take care of the sick
· Poverty levels are high in rural areas.
Policy Framework and Strategies
National Education Sector Plan (NESP, 2008) outlines strategies to tackle issues of access at primary level as follows:
reduction of pupil-teacher ratio, transfer of teachers from community day secondary schools (CDSSs) to primary schools;
regular replenishment of textbooks for pupils and roll out of the primary curriculum assessment reform (PCAR) to all classes by 2009/10;
construction of 50 primary schools and 1,000 teachers’ houses annually through Pooled financing;
construction of 1,500 classrooms annually through the pooled funding mechanism (Joint Financing Arrangement);
Indicator 4: Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Non- Agriculture Sector
Indicator 3 : Ratio of Literate Women to Men 15-24 year olds.
Indicator 2: Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education.
Economy is highly dependent on agriculture
Accounts for 80% of the workforce
Accounts for 31.6% of the country’s GDP
90% of export revenue
It has unreliable rainfall patterns
Aggravated by climate change
Maize is the main staple (food) crop
Food Insecurity is one of the major problems Malawi faces
Widespread poverty
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS
Indicator 4: Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Non- Agriculture Sector
Indicator 1: Ratio of girls to boys in primary education.
Aim of the product:
Minimize the effects caused by erratic rainfalls and droughts
Improve food security
Developed locally in Zimbabwe by SIRDC – Since 1997
Launched in August 2012
Facts About the Product:
Drought tolerant maize variant
Able to mature under limited rainfall
Suitable for marginal rainfall areas
136 days to mature
Normally: 150 – 180 days
Able to mature under limited rainfall
Suitable for marginal rainfall areas
Under drought conditions, it has a significant yield advantage over other hybrids
Normal yield 13 tonnes/hectare under normal rainfall
Policy Framework and Strategies
Upgrading of junior primary schools to full primary schools;
provision of grants to girls in selected areas especially at senior primary level scaling up school feeding programes (School Meals) to increase enrollment and retention;
Scaling up the initiative of Take Home Rations to selected pupils in selected primary schools
expansion of existing Teacher Training Colleges and construction of addition colleges in order to improve on the quality and number of qualified teachers in primary schools.
Indicator 1: Maternal Mortality Ratio
Target : Reduce by Three Quarters the Maternal Mortality Ratio
Indicator 5: Proportion of seats held by women in National Parliaments
Challenges:
limited capacity in terms of human and material resources to facilitate adult literacy and continuing education;
early marriages perpetuated by socioeconomic factors;
socio–cultural factors that make people believe that men should be leaders while women are followers; and,
poor learning environment which affects girls in primary and secondary schools e.g. sanitary facilities, long distances to education facilities, extra burden from domestic chores especially for adolescent girls resulting into high dropout rate.
Challenges:
· shortage of qualified primary school teachers;
· inadequate physical infrastructure;
· poor retention of girls mainly from standard five to eight;
· high disease burden due to HIV and AIDS consequently leading to absenteeism
especially among girls who take care of the sick; and
· poor participation of school committees and their communities in school
management.
· Poverty levels are high in rural areas.
Indicator 2: Proportion of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel
Challenges:
critical insufficiency of skilled human resources;
· poor access to essential health care services;
· retention of skilled health personnel;
· inadequate and poorly equipped health facilities with stock-out and pilferage of
basic essential drugs;
· prevalence of diseases such as HIV and AIDS, TB, and Malaria; and
· cultural practices which encourage early marriages and discourage use of modern
contraceptives and delivery with the assistance of a skilled health worker.
Policy Framework and Strategies (Health SWAp)
increasing the availability and accessibility of antenatal services;
utilization of skilled health personnel during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period at all levels of the health system;
strengthening the capacity of individuals and institutions to improve maternal and neonatal health;
increasing the number of skilled health personnel;
constructing and upgrading health facilities to offer essential health services particularly focusing on rural and underserved areas; and
provision of ARVs and micronutrients during pregnancy.
According to the World Bank, microfinance is defined as:
Microfinance is the provision of financial services to the entrepreneurial poor.This definition
has two important features:it emphasizes
a range of financial services—not just credit—
and it emphasizes the entrepreneurial poor.
Solves gender inequality
Women are inferior because they are depended on their husband financially
Microfinance provide an opportunity for them to start their own small business
Successful example
The story of Samia Muhammad
Gender equality can be achieved by empowering women to be economically independent through micro-financing.
Help small farmers: Small yield, due to poor farming technique and poor tools.
Microfinance provide a capital for them to buy tools (fertilizers, drought resistance crops, machines) to increase yield
Successful examples: tea grower in Malawi
“
Microfinance provide an opportunity for the farmers to have more capital and thus have the ability to send their children to school and improve family’s living standard.
http://www.wfp.org/stories/malawi-patchy-rains-bring-harvests-some-hunger-many
http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/malawi/en/
http://www.ifpri.org/publication/droughts-and-floods-malawi
http://www.sirdc.ac.zw/index.php/products-a-services
http://www.heritage.org/index/country/malawi
http://www.chemonics.com/OurImpact/SharingImpact/ImpactStories/Pages/Expanded-Microfinance-Services-Help-Tea-Farmers-in-Malawi.aspx
http://www.chemonics.com/OurWork/OurProjects/Pages/Deepening-the-Microfinance-Sector.aspx
Malawi
Central Region:
1-9 (Yellow)
*Capital: Lilongwe
Northern Region:
10-15 (Red)
Southern Region:
16-27 (Green)
Lake Malawi (Blue)
Land surface area
45,747 square miles
Malawi
Landlocked country
Great African Rift Valley system:
East – Lake Malawi
South – mountains,
tropical palm-lined beaches
Mainly a large plateau,
with some hills
Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa)
Southeast part of Africa, sub-Sahara of Africa
1994: Change of leadership > Multi-party democracy
However, AIDS has already damaged Malawi’s social and economic infrastructure by this point:
Farmers could not provide food
Children could not attend school
Workers could not support their families
Subtropical
cool season: (May - mid-August)
hot period: (mid-August – November)
rainy season: (November – April)
Hottest month: November ~17-29℃
Coolest month: July ~7-23℃
1964: Independent from Britain
1st case of AIDS was reported in 1985
Incidence of AID increased from 1985 > 1993
1985: 2%
1993: 30%
Reason behind the rapid increase: President. Hasting Banda’s puritanical beliefs:
Little attention paid to the escalating AIDS crisis
Difficultly in implementing AIDS education and prevention schemes, as discussion of sexual matters was generally banned
One-party rule under President Hastings Kamuzu Band
1994: election (democracy)
Imports
industrial goods
sawmill products
GDP: US $14.58 billion (2012 est.) (World ranking: 142)
Labor force: agriculture: 90%; industry and services: 10% (2003 est.)
Countries main income
Agriculture
Main crops: maize, tobacco, tea, sugar cane, groundnuts, cotton, wheat, coffee, and rice
Industry: tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods
Exports
90% earnings from agriculture
tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee
1994 - 2004: President Dr. Bakili Muluzi
Trading partners: South Africa, Zambia, China, US
7 April, 2012: The current President, Her Excellency Mrs. Joyce Banda
Current Government: Multiparty democracy
Treatment
Antiretroviral Drugs: Delays onset of AIDS
Only 250,000 people are receiving treatment
Problems:
Change in treatment regime = 3x the cost
Earlier initiation of the treatment
Lack of healthcare workers
Population: 16,777,547 (estimated in July 2013)
Population growth rate: 2.758% (2012 est.) (World ranking: 18)
Age structure
Children:
50% of
total population
Prevention
Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT)
Introduced at 2 site in 1992 > 772 site in 2010
Involves blood testing
Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission
66% of pregnant mothers were tested for HIV
Important: High TFR: 5.26 children born/woman
Condom Distribution
Male & Female Condoms
In 2010, there is a 28% of condom usage
Problem:
Biomass scarcity
land degradation
deforestation
life expectancy
52.31 years
Birth rate
2012: 40.42 births/1,000 population
(World ranking: 8)
1 Doctor per 50,000 people
Hinders the ability to deliver medical services to people in need
Reason:
Emigration
Lack of access to education
Aggravated by AIDS > 4 nurses are lost each month
This also affects other sectors:
Government
Business
Farmers
Death rate
2012: 12.84 deaths/1,000 population
(World ranking: 22)
Infant (Child Mortality)
Total: 79.02 deaths/1,000 live births
(world ranking: 10)
Christian 82.7%
Muslim 13%
Others 1.9%
None 2.5%
Almost 1 million people have AIDS
60% of these are female
Declining in urban areas, Rising in rural areas
Leading cause of death amongst adults
Contributes to the low life expectancy: 54.2 years
209th ranking (One of the lowest)
500,000 children have been orphaned due to AIDs
*Located in Lilongwe, the Bible Baptist Church of Malawi
Completion of “Primary School” (8 years):
Boys: 26%
Girls: 19%
Completion of “Secondary School” (4 years):
Boys: 15%
Girls: 7%
Enrollment rates for primary school (From 58% in 1992 75% in 2007)
Number of students who begin in grade 1 and complete grade 5 (From 64% in 1992 to 86% in 2006)
Youth literacy (From 68% in 2000 to 82% in 2007)
Reasons:
improved learning materials in school
better infrastructure
feeding program
English (official),
Distant Villages - Chichewa (official), National Tongue
Residents in the North – Chitumbuka, local language
Underlying reasons for poor enrollment:
Poverty
Long commutes – often on foot
Severe shortage of eligible teachers and resources
e.g. learning materials, adequate sanitation, shelter
Gender inequality
Cultural norms, early pregnancies and marriages
*9 to 10 year old boys of the waYao tribe participating in circumcision and initiation rites (March 2005).
Over 40% of Malawians live below poverty line
Reasons:
Agriculture in central to the economy
Crops are highly vulnerable to droughts
Poor education and limited vocational training programs > few opportunities to improve their quality of life
The number of food insecure people rose from:
0.2 million in 2011 to 1.6 million in 2012
Reasons:
Poor rainfall in southern Malawi resulted in crop yield reduction with some districts experiencing total crop failure
Distribution of land is unequal
Ranked 88 in the Corruption Perception Index
Scored 37 out of 100 (100= no corruption)
Mass protest against corruptiornment in 2011n of the gove
IMF frozen $400 million in assistance, US Millennium Challenge Corporation held back $350 million
How corruption influence the country?
Economy
Increases the cost of business, discourage foreign investment
Politic
Endanger political stability
Social
Lost of funding to social programs
Change of moral values
Civil unrest
Importance of foreign investment
Employment creation, thus reduce unemployment rate.
Transfer of expertise, makes the country more competitive.
Increases the competitiveness within the country, thus better products result.
Develop new sectors in the country
Increase tax revenue
Reasons
Corruption
Unreliable power
Water shortages
Poor infrastructure (telecommunication, roads)