Introducing 

Prezi AI.

Your new presentation assistant.

Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.

Loading…
Transcript

CCST 9004 Appropriate Technology for the Developing World

Appropriate Technology

Appropriate Technology:

SIRDAMAIZE 113

Background Presentation - Malawi

Sirdamaize 113 (2)

Facts About the Product:

Drought tolerant maize variant

Able to mature under limited rainfall

Suitable for marginal rainfall areas

136 days to mature

Normally: 150 – 180 days

Able to mature under limited rainfall

Suitable for marginal rainfall areas

Under drought conditions, it has a significant yield advantage over other hybrids

Normal yield 13 tonnes/hectare under normal rainfall

Millennium development goals (MDGs)

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Millennium development goals (MDGs)

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Millennium development goals (MDGs)

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Indicator 1: Net Enrolment Rate (NER) in primary education

Defined as : % of children (age 6-13) is enrolled in schools.

Target: All Boys and Girls should be able to complete a Full Course of Primary Schooling by 2015

The implementation of MDGs is done through medium term strategies:

1.) Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy(2000-2005)

- Strategy emphasized on poverty reduction

2.) Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (2006- 2011)

-Strategy emphasized on wealth creation and sustainable economic growth.

Indicator 3: Ratio of Literate Women to Men 15-24 year olds

Millennium development goals (MDGs)

1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2) Achieve universal primary education

3) Promote gender equality and empowerment of women

4) Reduce child mortality

5) Improve maternal health

6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7) Ensure environmental sustainability

8) Develop a global partnership for development

This long term development agenda is prescribed in the 2000 Millennium Declaration, to which 189 member countries, including Malawi.

The agenda has 8 goals, which are aimed to achieve by 2015.

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Indicator 3: Literacy Rate of 15 – 24 year-olds

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Target : Eliminate Gender Disparity in Primary and Secondary Education, preferably by 2005, and in all Levels of Education no later than 2015.

Malawi – Climate/Agriculture

Indicator 2: Proportion of pupils starting Grade 1 who reach Grade 5

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Sirdamaize 113 (1)

Challenges:

· shortage of qualified primary school teachers;

· inadequate physical infrastructure;

· poor retention of girls mainly from standard five to eight;

· high disease burden due to HIV and AIDS consequently leadinto absenteeism, especially among girls who take care of the sick

· Poverty levels are high in rural areas.

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Sirdamaize 113 (2)

Policy Framework and Strategies

National Education Sector Plan (NESP, 2008) outlines strategies to tackle issues of access at primary level as follows:

reduction of pupil-teacher ratio, transfer of teachers from community day secondary schools (CDSSs) to primary schools;

regular replenishment of textbooks for pupils and roll out of the primary curriculum assessment reform (PCAR) to all classes by 2009/10;

construction of 50 primary schools and 1,000 teachers’ houses annually through Pooled financing;

construction of 1,500 classrooms annually through the pooled funding mechanism (Joint Financing Arrangement);

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Indicator 4: Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Non- Agriculture Sector

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Indicator 3 : Ratio of Literate Women to Men 15-24 year olds.

Indicator 2: Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education.

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Economy is highly dependent on agriculture

Accounts for 80% of the workforce

Accounts for 31.6% of the country’s GDP

90% of export revenue

It has unreliable rainfall patterns

Aggravated by climate change

Maize is the main staple (food) crop

Food Insecurity is one of the major problems Malawi faces

Widespread poverty

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS

Indicator 4: Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Non- Agriculture Sector

  • measure of employment opportunities ( i.e equal proportions of men and women in formal employment)
  • Yet, more women participate in the agriculture sector than in the formal wage employment especially in jobs that require professional qualifications.
  • Due to: literacy levels, gender disparity and cultural values.

Indicator 1: Ratio of girls to boys in primary education.

Aim of the product:

Minimize the effects caused by erratic rainfalls and droughts

Improve food security

Developed locally in Zimbabwe by SIRDC – Since 1997

Launched in August 2012

Facts About the Product:

Drought tolerant maize variant

Able to mature under limited rainfall

Suitable for marginal rainfall areas

136 days to mature

Normally: 150 – 180 days

Able to mature under limited rainfall

Suitable for marginal rainfall areas

Under drought conditions, it has a significant yield advantage over other hybrids

Normal yield 13 tonnes/hectare under normal rainfall

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Policy Framework and Strategies

Upgrading of junior primary schools to full primary schools;

provision of grants to girls in selected areas especially at senior primary level scaling up school feeding programes (School Meals) to increase enrollment and retention;

Scaling up the initiative of Take Home Rations to selected pupils in selected primary schools

expansion of existing Teacher Training Colleges and construction of addition colleges in order to improve on the quality and number of qualified teachers in primary schools.

Indicator 1: Maternal Mortality Ratio

Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Target : Reduce by Three Quarters the Maternal Mortality Ratio

Indicator 5: Proportion of seats held by women in National Parliaments

Challenges:

limited capacity in terms of human and material resources to facilitate adult literacy and continuing education;

early marriages perpetuated by socioeconomic factors;

socio–cultural factors that make people believe that men should be leaders while women are followers; and,

poor learning environment which affects girls in primary and secondary schools e.g. sanitary facilities, long distances to education facilities, extra burden from domestic chores especially for adolescent girls resulting into high dropout rate.

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Challenges:

· shortage of qualified primary school teachers;

· inadequate physical infrastructure;

· poor retention of girls mainly from standard five to eight;

· high disease burden due to HIV and AIDS consequently leading to absenteeism

especially among girls who take care of the sick; and

· poor participation of school committees and their communities in school

management.

· Poverty levels are high in rural areas.

Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Contemporary Issues

Indicator 2: Proportion of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel

Challenges:

critical insufficiency of skilled human resources;

· poor access to essential health care services;

· retention of skilled health personnel;

· inadequate and poorly equipped health facilities with stock-out and pilferage of

basic essential drugs;

· prevalence of diseases such as HIV and AIDS, TB, and Malaria; and

· cultural practices which encourage early marriages and discourage use of modern

contraceptives and delivery with the assistance of a skilled health worker.

Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Policy Framework and Strategies (Health SWAp)

increasing the availability and accessibility of antenatal services;

utilization of skilled health personnel during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period at all levels of the health system;

strengthening the capacity of individuals and institutions to improve maternal and neonatal health;

increasing the number of skilled health personnel;

constructing and upgrading health facilities to offer essential health services particularly focusing on rural and underserved areas; and

provision of ARVs and micronutrients during pregnancy.

Weather Patterns

Micro-finance

Microfinance

According to the World Bank, microfinance is defined as:

Microfinance is the provision of financial services to the entrepreneurial poor.This definition

has two important features:it emphasizes

a range of financial services—not just credit—

and it emphasizes the entrepreneurial poor.

Solves gender inequality

Women are inferior because they are depended on their husband financially

Microfinance provide an opportunity for them to start their own small business

Successful example

The story of Samia Muhammad

Microfinance

Gender equality can be achieved by empowering women to be economically independent through micro-financing.

Help small farmers: Small yield, due to poor farming technique and poor tools.

Microfinance provide a capital for them to buy tools (fertilizers, drought resistance crops, machines) to increase yield

Successful examples: tea grower in Malawi

Microfinance provide an opportunity for the farmers to have more capital and thus have the ability to send their children to school and improve family’s living standard.

Reference

http://www.wfp.org/stories/malawi-patchy-rains-bring-harvests-some-hunger-many

http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/malawi/en/

http://www.ifpri.org/publication/droughts-and-floods-malawi

http://www.sirdc.ac.zw/index.php/products-a-services

http://www.heritage.org/index/country/malawi

http://www.chemonics.com/OurImpact/SharingImpact/ImpactStories/Pages/Expanded-Microfinance-Services-Help-Tea-Farmers-in-Malawi.aspx

http://www.chemonics.com/OurWork/OurProjects/Pages/Deepening-the-Microfinance-Sector.aspx

General Overview of Malawi

Geography of Malawi

Landscape

Malawi

HIV/AIDS (2)

Central Region:

1-9 (Yellow)

*Capital: Lilongwe

Northern Region:

10-15 (Red)

Southern Region:

16-27 (Green)

Lake Malawi (Blue)

Land surface area

45,747 square miles

Malawi

Landlocked country

Great African Rift Valley system:

East – Lake Malawi

South – mountains,

tropical palm-lined beaches

Mainly a large plateau,

with some hills

Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa)

Southeast part of Africa, sub-Sahara of Africa

1994: Change of leadership > Multi-party democracy

However, AIDS has already damaged Malawi’s social and economic infrastructure by this point:

Farmers could not provide food

Children could not attend school

Workers could not support their families

HIV/AIDS (1)

Climate

History & Politics

Subtropical

cool season: (May - mid-August)

hot period: (mid-August – November)

rainy season: (November – April)

Hottest month: November ~17-29℃

Coolest month: July ~7-23℃

1964: Independent from Britain

1st case of AIDS was reported in 1985

Incidence of AID increased from 1985 > 1993

1985: 2%

1993: 30%

Reason behind the rapid increase: President. Hasting Banda’s puritanical beliefs:

Little attention paid to the escalating AIDS crisis

Difficultly in implementing AIDS education and prevention schemes, as discussion of sexual matters was generally banned

Economy

Problems - Outline

One-party rule under President Hastings Kamuzu Band

1994: election (democracy)

Imports

industrial goods

sawmill products

GDP: US $14.58 billion (2012 est.) (World ranking: 142)

Labor force: agriculture: 90%; industry and services: 10% (2003 est.)

Countries main income

Agriculture

Main crops: maize, tobacco, tea, sugar cane, groundnuts, cotton, wheat, coffee, and rice

Industry: tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods

Exports

90% earnings from agriculture

tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee

1994 - 2004: President Dr. Bakili Muluzi

HIV/AIDS – Tackling the Issue (2)

  • HIV/AIDS
  • Human Resources
  • Education
  • Poverty
  • Food Insecurity
  • Erratic Rainfall Patterns/Droughts
  • Corruption
  • Lack of Foreign Investment

Trading partners: South Africa, Zambia, China, US

7 April, 2012: The current President, Her Excellency Mrs. Joyce Banda

Current Government: Multiparty democracy

Treatment

Antiretroviral Drugs: Delays onset of AIDS

Only 250,000 people are receiving treatment

Problems:

Change in treatment regime = 3x the cost

Earlier initiation of the treatment

Lack of healthcare workers

Energy

HIV/AIDS – Tackling the Issue (1)

Demographics

Human Resources

Population: 16,777,547 (estimated in July 2013)

Population growth rate: 2.758% (2012 est.) (World ranking: 18)

Age structure

Children:

50% of

total population

Prevention

Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT)

Introduced at 2 site in 1992 > 772 site in 2010

Involves blood testing

Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission

66% of pregnant mothers were tested for HIV

Important: High TFR: 5.26 children born/woman

Condom Distribution

Male & Female Condoms

In 2010, there is a 28% of condom usage

Problem:

Biomass scarcity

land degradation

deforestation

Religion

HIV/AIDS - Contemporary

life expectancy

52.31 years

Birth rate

2012: 40.42 births/1,000 population

(World ranking: 8)

1 Doctor per 50,000 people

Hinders the ability to deliver medical services to people in need

Reason:

Emigration

Lack of access to education

Aggravated by AIDS > 4 nurses are lost each month

This also affects other sectors:

Government

Business

Farmers

Death rate

2012: 12.84 deaths/1,000 population

(World ranking: 22)

Infant (Child Mortality)

Total: 79.02 deaths/1,000 live births

(world ranking: 10)

Christian 82.7%

Muslim 13%

Others 1.9%

None 2.5%

Education (1)

Almost 1 million people have AIDS

60% of these are female

Declining in urban areas, Rising in rural areas

Leading cause of death amongst adults

Contributes to the low life expectancy: 54.2 years

209th ranking (One of the lowest)

500,000 children have been orphaned due to AIDs

Contemporary Issues

*Located in Lilongwe, the Bible Baptist Church of Malawi

Completion of “Primary School” (8 years):

Boys: 26%

Girls: 19%

Completion of “Secondary School” (4 years):

Boys: 15%

Girls: 7%

Education

Culture

Education (2)

Languages

Enrollment rates for primary school (From 58% in 1992 75% in 2007)

Number of students who begin in grade 1 and complete grade 5 (From 64% in 1992 to 86% in 2006)

Youth literacy (From 68% in 2000 to 82% in 2007)

Reasons:

improved learning materials in school

better infrastructure

feeding program

English (official),

Distant Villages - Chichewa (official), National Tongue

Residents in the North – Chitumbuka, local language

Poverty

Millennium development goals

(MDGs)

Underlying reasons for poor enrollment:

Poverty

Long commutes – often on foot

Severe shortage of eligible teachers and resources

e.g. learning materials, adequate sanitation, shelter

Gender inequality

Cultural norms, early pregnancies and marriages

*9 to 10 year old boys of the waYao tribe participating in circumcision and initiation rites (March 2005).

Over 40% of Malawians live below poverty line

Reasons:

Agriculture in central to the economy

Crops are highly vulnerable to droughts

Poor education and limited vocational training programs > few opportunities to improve their quality of life

Food Insecurity

The number of food insecure people rose from:

0.2 million in 2011 to 1.6 million in 2012

Reasons:

Poor rainfall in southern Malawi resulted in crop yield reduction with some districts experiencing total crop failure

Distribution of land is unequal

Corruption (1)

Corruption (2)

Ranked 88 in the Corruption Perception Index

Scored 37 out of 100 (100= no corruption)

Mass protest against corruptiornment in 2011n of the gove

IMF frozen $400 million in assistance, US Millennium Challenge Corporation held back $350 million

How corruption influence the country?

Economy

Increases the cost of business, discourage foreign investment

Politic

Endanger political stability

Social

Lost of funding to social programs

Change of moral values

Civil unrest

Lack of Foreign Investment (1)

Importance of foreign investment

Employment creation, thus reduce unemployment rate.

Transfer of expertise, makes the country more competitive.

Increases the competitiveness within the country, thus better products result.

Develop new sectors in the country

Increase tax revenue

Lack of Foreign Development (2)

Reasons

Corruption

Unreliable power

Water shortages

Poor infrastructure (telecommunication, roads)

Appropriate Technology

Learn more about creating dynamic, engaging presentations with Prezi