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FORMATION
Electrons are thought to exist in the Universe since early stages of the Big Bang.
ORIGIN
Atoms form about 4% of the total
energy density of the observable
Universe, with an average density
of about 0.25 atoms/m3.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
VALENCE AND
BONDING BEHAVIOR
Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that cannot
be cut into smaller particles,
in modern scientific usage the
atom is composed of various
subatomic particles.
The outermost electron shell
of an atom in its uncombined
state is known as the valence
shell, and the electrons in
that shell are called valence
electrons. The number of
valence electrons determines
the bonding behavior with
other atoms.
ATOM
MASS
A unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons.
The large majority of
an atom's mass comes
from the protons and
neutrons that make
it up.
ELECTRON CLOUD
COMPONENTS
The electron cloud is the
system of electrons surrounding
the nucleus of an atom.
PROPERTIES
NUCLEUS
ENERGY LEVELS
NUCLEAR
PROPERTIES
Atomic nucleus = The central region of an atom.
Atoms are composed of negatively charged electrons, positively charged protons, and electrically
neutral neutrons.
The protons and neutrons (collectively known as nucleons) are located in a small central region known as the nucleus.
The potential energy of an electron
in an atom is negative, its
dependence of its position reaches
the minimum (the most absolute value)
inside the nucleus, and vanishes when
the distance from the nucleus goes to
infinity, roughly in an inverse
proportion to the distance.
By definition, any two
atoms with an identical
number of protons in
their nuclei belong
to the same chemical
element.