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Each state of matter has its own chemical and physical properties. The phases of matter you need to know are solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid - a solid has a definite shape and volume. Ex: Ice, rock, or books
Liquid - a liquid has a definite volume, but can change shape. Ex: Water, soda, or Gatorade
Gas - the shape and volume of a gas can change. Ex: Steam, oxygen, or nitrogen
Matter has two different properties to it. It has a physical property and a chemical property. Both properties can change and it's called physical change and chemical change.
Physical Change - does not produce a new substance
Ex: crushing a can
Chemical Change - produces a new substance
Ex: burning, rusting, photosynthesis
Phase change is another form of physical change.
Melting - melting occurs when a substance changes from a solid to a liquid
Boiling - boiling is when a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
Condensing - condensation is when a gas changes to a liquid
Freezing - freezing is when a liquid changes to a solid
these are all phase changes