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"...Brazil finds itself in a state of confrontation of identities marked, moreover, by the asymmetrical situation that the country occupies in the system of nations." (Ortiz 138)

References

Overall Conclusion

Development between both countries was similar but Portuguese altruism lead to a different culture in Brazil.

Religion impacted both countries in terms of race, discrimination, and culture. Culture has impacted religion in Brazil through "Folk-Christianity" and in America through diversity in family life and changes in religion.

Economic Classes and hierarchies have set social standards in both countries. Brazil having more separation and America having more of a middle class.

Racial views are still affected by the occurrence of slavery in both countries but through different views.

Background: Slavery, Race, and Colonialism

Religion

Brazil

United States

Brazil

What does it all mean?

History:

  • "Brazil, we can say with Serafim Leite, was born Christian." (Azvedo 140)
  • The Catholic religion spread as Portugal colonized Brazil (Azvedo 140).
  • Religious life of colonists was threatened by African-Americans and Indians (Azvedo 147). --> This could have led to dehumanization of those groups

Culture and Religion:

  • Largest Roman Catholic Population and second largest Christian country in the entire world (Vincent 71).
  • Christian Base Communities created in the 1960's helped further envelop religion into social life (Vincent 72).
  • Some have "Folk Catholicism" but still use its values in their everyday life (Vincent 73).

Indentured Servitude seemed equal to slaves and English traditions.

Data on the U.S. is inconclusive due to family life style diverseness.

Brazil family and culture heavily depends on religion, mainly Christianity.

More Africans than Indentured Servants and white citizens found their American Identity.

Hostility grew against African Americans as they became less than Indentured Servants. They were seen as property now.

  • Main Point: Slavery was not as focused on race and its distinguishment in Brazil as the United States (Deglar 5).
  • Portugal had to regain the control of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim forces" (Daniel 17)
  • Ignorance of bible --> Inferiority --> Slavery (Daniel 17)
  • "...where physical appearance, in conjunction with class and cultural (rather than exclusively racial) signifiers, has come to determine one's identity and status in the social hierarchy" This is due to ternary race concept and portuguese altruism (Daniel 27)
  • "Blacks and mulattos were thus excluded [following abolition] from the most dynamic employment sectors..." (Hasenbalg 62)

United States

History:

  • The U.S. constitution allows free exercise of religion with no requirement of being religious to qualify for office (Jelen 27).

Culture and Religion

  • Religious pluralism leads to competing religions in the U.S. (Jelen 31).
  • About 70% of the U.S. population is Christian of some form (Pew Research Center).

(Daniel 86-89)

Conclusion

Both countries had slavery and discriminated against African-Americans but Brazil did so in a less hostile, direct way than the United States.

Religion also played a part in the dehumanizing of African Americans.

Overview

A Comparative Analysis between Culture Aspects in the United States and Brazil

Research Goal

To investigate and compare culture aspects and religion development between the United States and Brazil.

1. Research Goal

2. Method

3. Background and History

4. Modern Culture

5. Religion

6. Overall Conclusion

7. Limitations and biases, Implications, and Suggestions for Further Research

8. References

By C3C Anthony Jacques

Modern Culture

Brazil

United States

Individualism, Solitude, Self-Reliance

(Vincent 81)

Method

Race:

  • African-Americans were similarly discriminated against and stigmatized
  • For the most part, African Americans adopt the One Drop rule when it comes to racial identification (Daniel 119).

Social Class:

  • Families today are more blended and differently constructed (Krogstad).
  • Because of the diversity of the US, a "typical" family is difficult to find.

Cooperation, Interdependence and Connectedness (Vincent 81)

Race:

  • "Racism still occurs in all aspects of non-white peoples lives." (Hasenbalg 82)
  • African-Americans are lower on the social hierarchy due to living in less developed regions in Brazil (Hasenbalg 82)

Social Class

  • Historically, there has been great separation between upper and lower class with almost no middle class (Vincent 23).
  • Over time, a middle class has emerged especially during the later twentieth century due to the Vestibular and other avenues (Vincent 23).

"Brazilians organize their lives around and about others, maintain a high level of social involvement, and consider personal relations of primary importance in all human interactions." (Vincent 81)

  • Meta-Analysis of information
  • Studies from various researchers were used to develop findings and conclusions.
  • No "new" data was captured through research.

Conclusion

Discrimination is similar in both countries but the reason for it is slightly different.

Family life is extremely different despite paralleling religious and colonial roots. This could be due to social/economic class differences between countries.

Implications: So what?

Limitations and Biases

  • Researcher is Latin-American and had a bit of conformation bias due to earlier studies and education on Brazil.
  • Time constraints were present due to other workloads.

Suggestions for Further Research

Descriptive Statistic Survey on Family

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