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A review of needle exchange programs in Saskatchewan. (2010, December 8). Saskatchewan Ministry of Health, 12. Retrieved June 12, 2014
Brosnahan, M. (2012, September 25). Lawsuit seeks needle exchange programs for prisons. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/lawsuit-seeks-needle-exchange-programs-for-prisons-1.1221229
Des Jarlais, D. C. (1995). Harm reduction--a framework for incorporating science into drug policy. American Journal of Public Health, 85(1), 10-12.
Elliot, D. (2014). Debating safe injecting site sin Vancouver's inner city: Advocacy, conservatism and neoliberalism. Contemporary Drug Problems, 41(1), 5-40.
Jacobs, p., et al. (1999). Cost effectiveness of streetwork's needle exchange program of Edmonton. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 90, 168-71.
Moore, D., & Fraser, S. (2006). Putting at risk what we know: Reflecting on the drug-using subject in harm reduction and its political implications. Social Science & Medicine, 62(12), 3035-3047. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.06
O'Hare, P. (2007). Merseryside, the first harm reduction conferences and the early history of harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 18, 2, 141-144.
Strike, C., Leonard, L., Millson, M., Anstice, S., & Berkeley, N. (2006, March). Ontario needle exchange programs: Best practice recommendations. Ontario Needle Exchange Coordinating Committee
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Used by legal injections users
Need for extended hours
Ideal for providing
education and referrals
There is no anonymity
Less need for anonymity
Easy to maintain data
Hard to find perfect location
'too gov't, too medical, too busy, not discrete'
Already established location
commercial, a store
24/7 Availability
No face-to-face interaction
Limited Staff Required
can run more than one
program not just NEP
Difficult to be anonymous
Pharmacist Concerns
Affordable to extend hrs.
Needle-exchange programs started appearing in the 1970’s
Easy to Use
No sharp containers
Ultimately, only works if the pharmacist agrees.
High rate of returned needles
In 2011, in New Zealand, 1/3 of the pharmacies provided needle exchange, which accounted for 1/4 of needles distributed
A study done in Chicago found a demographical trend to access
Methods
Where Needle exchange began
Sero-prevalence Study
The first government-approved initiative
Program Cost
The Aids Pandemic
Huge variability in Statistics
Reaches High Risk Users
some risk for staff
Culture building
Demands Training
Can Create Employment
Reaches lower income areas
better
cost of van and
maintenance
Conflicting identities
for educator
Reaches High Risk
A study of 900 men
Reaches those at large
risk of discovery
Harder to refer or
talk
Reaches Night Time Users
Cost Effectiveness
In Saskatchewan, it was found mobile users
were more likely to be newer users, recently jailed, to be Aboriginal, and to use cocaine
4 Canadian studies found:
An extremely good example of mix-model and often necessary in sparsely populated service areas
To Be Effective Must
Be implemented as soon as possible
Be community based: where the drugs are
provide the right equipment
Condom in High School
instead of abstinence
only education.
Be able to provide education
Accept and not eliminate drug use as a part of every community
Be consistent in their hours
Heroin Prescriptions
Not demand needles back but encourage and provide containers
Chooses to work to minimize harmful effects rather than ignore or throw them in jail
TRUST
Consistency
Identify and acknowledge barriers
To give service users a voice in the programs as they start and develop "nothing about us, without us"
Sharing of power
Use simple language
No Exploitation
Promote well being and quality of individual as well as community life
Affirms and Empowers Service Users
Many disturbances originate outside the service (Community)
Service users are active not passive, they are capable and play an important role in prevention, treatment and recovery
Requires profound shift in thought from medical or abstinence models
Amanda Hatt
Hannah Gray
Josh Drennan
Natania Hettrick
Victoria Looker
May only reach certain groups
Views clients as consumers or service users, not addicts
Have to overcome legal boundaries (cannot distribute paraphernalia)
Recognizes this is better for the entire community and the individual
One Goal of NEP: To reduce the spread of blood borne illness Hep-C
Everyone involved must recognize the
strengths of other programs
Hep-C: takes 1 year to treat, the treatment does not promise eradication and is brutal
Fredericton's NEP (ran by AIDS NB) has many costs: 1 salary, rent at the VHC, promotion, computer, supplies, transportation, etc.
Must maintain funding
Effectiveness is not determined by drug reduction
Provide Contact for injection drug users (IDU) without judgement
Attempt to mediate inequalities that make people vulnerable
Reduce the spread of Blood Borne Illnesses through shared needles and needles left in the community