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Hierarchy

From highest to lowest:

Espanoles

  • Of "pure" European descent (generally, less than 1/8 non-European blood)
  • However, place of birth did not define social status; there were both Peninsulares who were of low economic status, such as indentured servants, as well as very successful Creoles.

Peninsulares

Whites born in Europe

Creoles

  • "Whites" born in America
  • Generally accepted as less than 1/8 non-European blood

Mixed Blood

  • Considered a step lower than Europeans, but many were still rather economically successful in the New World
  • There were many sub-categories of mixed blood

Mestizos

mixed European and Indian blood

Mulattos

Mixed European and African blood

Natives

Indians

Slightly higher classification than slaves, especially for the nobility because pre-Spanish positions were honored to some degree

Blacks

Typically considered the lowest class because of association with slavery

How did it happen?

Miscegenation

both legitimate and illegitimate racial mixing between Spanish, Indians, and their black slaves

Paintings

"Of an Indian and a mestizo, a coyote"

The animal terms often used for people whose parents had little Spanish blood shows the negative position they held in society

According to Miguel Cabrera, 1763:

Mestizo

Castizo

Chamizo

Coyote

Espanole

Mulatto

Morisco

Albino

Toma atras

Tente en el aire

Negro

India

China canbuja

Lobo

Albarazado

The Castas System

Castas painting was a new style of painting devoted entirely to showing racial differences. Because it was usually commissioned by wealthy Creoles, the paintings reflect bias toward Spanish superiority. They also show the complicated and arbitrary inter-Castas relationships.

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