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Ethnic Preference vs Racial Preference

conclusions

  • Post-colonial American governments are more likely to grant collective rights to ethnic groups than racial groups
  • United States approaches racial discrimination through colorblind individual rights/ Latin American multicultural citizenship
  • ethnic difference as a language of nationhood

US history of collective rights

latin american parallels

  • 1990 - $1.2 billion to Japanese Americans
  • 1986 - $32 million to Ottawas of Michigan
  • 1985 - $31 million to Chippewas of Wisconsin
  • 1985 - $12.3 million to Seminoles of Florida
  • 1980 - $81 million to Klamaths of Oregon
  • 1971 - $1 billion + 44 million acres of land in the Alaska Natives Land Settlement
  • Indigenous and Afro-Latino populations are disproportionately impoverished, have less access to healthcare
  • both face racial discrimination and social exclusion

multicultural citizenship

collective vs individual rights

  • Indigenous groups secured more collective rights than Afro-Latinos
  • 6 countries offer some collective rights to Afro-Latinos
  • 3 countries offer equal protections to Indigenous and Afro-Latino populations

"Afro-Latinos have not gained the same collective rights as indians under

Latin America’s multicultural citizenship reforms...because

Latin American states and publics have been much more amenable to demands

made by the bearers of indigenous rather than black identities, and

to calls for group rights posed in terms of cultural difference or ethnicity

(indian-ness) rather than race or racism (blackness)."

Collective Rights - rights held by a group, not individual members

Individual Rights - rights guaranteed to individuals, even if group-differentiated

Cohen on civil rights

  • Civil Rights Act 1964 couches its language in the individual
  • Constitutional rights allotted to persons

"Individual members of the favored minorities are advantaged by preference...but the minority as a whole is undermined."

Image by Tom Mooring

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