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N I C O T I N E

Why is it beneficial?

Molecular Structure of Nicotine

  • Nicotine in its pure form has potential to be a valuable pharmaceutical agent
  • When chronically taken nicotine can result in:

1. positive reinforcement

2. negative reinforcement

3. reduction of body weight

4. enhancement of performance

5. protection of Parkinson's, Tourette's, and Alzheimers diseases

6. sleep apnea

Why is it bad for you?

  • Nicotine is 5-10 times more potent than cocaine or morphine on producing behavioral and psychological effects
  • Nicotine binds to an area of the brain known as the adrenal medulla, which increases the flow of adrenaline
  • Nicotine can contribute to sleep disorders

Effects Continued:

  • Repeated nicotine stimulation increases the amount of dopamine realsed in the CNS. This affects the brain pathways associated with reward and pleasure resulting in addiction.
  • Another substance in tobacco smoke inhibits monoamine oxidase B or MAO, an enzyme that breaks down dopamine. This results in higher concentration of dopamine and longer lasting addiction.
  • Nicotine can also produce a sedative effect, but it is more rare and depends on the level of the smoker's nervous system arousal and the dose of nicotine taken.

Effects of Nicotine on the Nervous System

  • Nicotine reaches the brain in about 8 sec after smoke is inhaled and reaches CNS in 3-5 min.
  • Nicotine imitates the action of a natural neurotransmitter called actylcholine nad binds to nicotinic receptors in the CNS which excites the cell. Unlike naturally occuring acetylcholine, nicotine causes the receptor to become desensitized after exciting it by blocking it from other neurotransmitters.
  • Nictoine is also a stimulant drug and is associated with an increase in adrenergic synapses in the CNS as well as a release of adrenaline from adrenal glands. This induced release stimulates the vasomotor center in the medulla part of the brain stem. This area is responsible for regulating blood pressure and the dilation or constricition of blood vessels especially in the brain. The release of adrenaline causes an indirect effect on CNS resulting in increaed blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate. Also as adrenaline is released glucose is also released causing further increased blood pressure.

By: Jenna Dalglish and Zoe Richardson- 4th

Sources

Fun Facts:

"Phsychology Today." Nicotine. Web. 04 Feb. 2015.

<https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/nicotine>.

"The Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the Brain & Spinal Cord.

LIVESTRONG.COM.LIVESTRONG.COM, 16 Aug. 2013. Web. 04 FEb. 2015

<http://www.livestrong.com/article/180928-the-effects-of-tobacco-smoking-on-the-brain-spinal-cord/>.

"Nicotine's Effect on the Brain." Philycopdcom.

Web. 04 Feb. 2015.

<http://phillycopd.com/WPI/web-cme-resourcesintroduction/section-1-tobacco-use-tratment/knowlegecontent/nicotine-brain-effect/>.

  • 1.1 billion smokers worldwide
  • 6000 billion cigarettes smoked every year.
  • tobacco use in the US results in 440,000 deaths each year (about 1 in 5 deaths).
  • smoker gets about 1mg of nicotine in every cigarette.
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