Open Ocean: Photic Zone

Open Ocean: Photic Zone

Herring

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Colossal Squid

Great White Shark

Kingdom: Animal

Phylum: Chordate

Genius: Clupea

Species: C. harengus

Migration/movement: migrate throughout open ocean

Communication: pass gas

Reproduction/life cycle: Fertilized eggs hatch into larvae 7-10 days depending on temperature

Nutrition: feed on zoo plankton, small fish, copepods, phytoplankton

Open Ocean:Photic Zone

Copepods

Kingdom: Animal

Phylum: Chordate

Genius: Carcharodon

Specie: C. carcharias

Migration/movement: The great white migrate from the coast in California coast to their other feeding ground in the Pacific (2,500 miles)

Communication:Gaping their jaws

Reproduction/life cycle: once born it immediately swims away from the mother. grows and makes its way up the food chain, and at about age 20 and 15 feet. It reproduces and eventually dies

Nutrition: Great White Sharks eat all sorts of fish, ear-less seals, and sea otters (carnivore)

Kingdom: Animal

Phylum: Molluscs

Genius:Mesonychoteuthis

Species: M. hamiltoni

Migration/movement: Scientists haven't been able to follow the squid because it is so hard to find so they have a not determined a migration pattern

Communication: squids change the color and patterns of their skin to either hide from predators or communicate with each other

Reproduction/life cycle: the actual reproduction process has never actually been observed because these squids are so hard to find but these squids can grow to be 43 feet long

Nutrition: Colossal Squid eat a type of cod ice fish called toothfish, anchovies, and zoo plankton (carnivores)

Kingdom: animal

Phylum: Arthopod

Genius: Gaussia

Species: G. princeps

Migration/movement: move in jerky motions swimming their legs

Communication: use chemo sensory

Reproduction/life cycle: Males attach a sperm packet to a female. Sperm enters through female reproductive system and fertilize eggs. when hatched they shed their exoskeleton 6 times before resembling an adult

Nutrition: eat phytoplankton using their antennae

Yellow-fin Tuna

Organisms in the Photic Zone

Red Tide Dino-flagellates

Kingdom: Animal

Phylum:Chordate

Genius:Thunnus

Species:T. albacares

Migration/movement: swim together in schools often under herds of dolphins

Communication: watch closely to see what neighbors are doing, some scientists believe in their genes

Reproduction/life cycle: able to produce at the age of 2

Nutrition: Eat zoo plankton when young, boney fishes and squid adult (carnivore)

Diatoms (Ditylum Brightwellii

Kingdom: Chromalveolata

Phylum: Dinoflagellata

Genius: Karenia

Species: K. brevis

Migration/movement: Red tide doesn't migrate but actually shows up at random spots in the ocean where nutrients is excessive

Communication: N/A

Reproduction/life cycle: The life cycle of the red tide depends of the climate of the water

Nutrition: they eat diatoms and other protists (heterotroph)

Kingdom: Protista

Phylum: Ochrophyta

Genius: Ditylum

Species: D. brightwelli

Migration/movement: have a special slit in scilica shells called a "raphe" where mucus is secreted which allows them to move

Communication: do not communicate

Reproduction/life cycle: reproduce asexually

Nutrition: photosynthetic

More Information

(hermit crab) Conchs

Indian Anchovy

Climate of the Open Ocean

• Temperature- ranges from 104 to 27 degrees F
• Salinity (Salt concentration) - between 32 and 37 ppt (parts per thousand)

Amount of sunlight- 80 meters or 260 feet of the photic zone receive sunlight

Fun Facts

1. The Photic zone is on average 200 meters deep

2. Tides in the ocean are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon

3.With over 72% of the Earth’s surface covered by salt water, the Earth’s oceans are home to 230,000 known species

4.More than 30% of the world's fisheries have been pushed beyond their biological limits causing overfishing

5. The photic zone, also called the euphotic or limnetic zone

Kingdom: Animal

Phylum: Chordata

Genius: Stolephorus

Species: S. indicus

Migration/movement: migrates to deeper, more saline water to breed

Communication: none

Reproduction/life cycle: eggs hatch within 24 hours of being laid, reach maturity a few months after hatched

Nutrition: eat plankton and recently hatched fish

Kingdom: Animal

Phylum: Mollusca

Genius: Strombus

Species: S. pugilis

Migration/movement: Hermit crabs start as small crabs that stay in small shells and as they grow and age they move to bigger and bigger shells

Communication: chirping and various movements

Reproduction/life cycle: Hermit crabs live in the conch shell and can live to be anywhere between 12 and 70 years old depending on their size and after they get to big for the conch they either leave and die or leave to find a bigger shell

Nutrition: The crabs living in these conch shells typically eat algae, plants, phytoplankton, and zoo plankton (herbivore)

Citations

Binohlan, Crispina B. “Stolephorus Indicus Summary Page.” FishBase, 1988, www.fishbase.org/summary/569.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Photic Zone.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/science/photic-zone.

Clarke, Thomas H. “How Do Schools of Fish Maneuver Together? Watch the Trees, Not the Forest.” LexisNexis® Academic & Library Solutions, 21 Jan. 2012, www.lexisnexis.com/legalnewsroom/environmental/b/fishwildlife/posts/how-do-schools-of-fish-maneuver-together-watch-the-trees-not-the-forest.

Collette, Acero B. “Yellowfin Tuna.” Oceana, 2011, oceana.org/marine-life/ocean-fishes/yellowfin-tuna.

Gonzaga, Shireen. “Secret to the Long Migrations of Great White Sharks? Liver Fat.” EarthSky, 1 Aug. 2013,

earthsky.org/earth/great-white-sharks-use-fat-stored-in-liver-to-fuel-migrations.

Gulf of Maine Research Institute. “Herring Biology - Life Cycle .” Gulf of Maine Research Institute: How to Eat Lobsters, 2000, www.gma.org/herring/biology/life_cycle/default.asp.

Miller, Fiona. “Open Ocean Facts for Kids.” Sciencing.com, Sciencing, 24 Apr. 2017, sciencing.com/open-ocean-kids-8473756.html.

Museum of New Zealand. “The Colossal Squid Exhibition.” Anatomy - The Beak of the Colossal Squid, squid.tepapa.govt.nz/anatomy/article/how-the-colossal-squid-feeds.

N/A. “Gaping Jaws of a Great White Shark.” Ocean Portal | Smithsonian, Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, 18 May 2018, ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/sharks-rays/gaping-jaws-great-white-shark.

N/A. “Gaussia Princeps (Copepod).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussia_princeps_(copepod).