APWH Unit 3 Notes

APWH Unit 3 Notes

(Chapters 8-11)

(relatives of Vikings) were active traders on the rivers, and the Khazar Turks built a trading kingdom at the mouth of the Volga

I. Classical-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica

Chapter 9

Chapter 8

IV. The Roots of The Crusades

1. Classical period civilizations in Mesoamerica were built on the political foundations of the earlier Olmec civilization.

Christian Europe Emerges

1. In 1095, Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade when he called upon the Europeans to stop fighting

each other and fight the Muslims instead.

The Rise of Islam

(600-1200)

(600-1200)

2. the Hopewell economy was based on hunting and gathering and supplemented by agriculture.

2. The tradition of pilgrimages, Muslim control of Christian religious sites, and the Byzantine

Empireís requests for help against the Muslims combined to make the Holy Land the focus of the Crusades.

3. The Inca were a small chiefdom in Cuzco until their leaders consolidated political authority

and began a program of military expansion in the 1430s.

a. By 1525, the Inca had constructed a huge

empire

I. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate (632-1258)

I. Early Medieval Europe

A. The Islamic Conquests

A . Early Medieval society in the west

1. Arab armies wrenched Syria and Egypt away from the Byzantine Empire and defeated the last Sasanid shah, Yazigird III.

Chapter 10

Inner and East Asia

1. During the early medieval period, a class of nobles emerged and developed into mounted knights.

Landholding and military service became almost inseparable. The complex network of relationships between landholding and the obligation to provide military service to a lord is often referred to as feudalism.

2. In the same year, Sind - the southern Indus Valley and westernmost region of India - succumbed to invaders from Iraq.

(618-755)

3. In the eleventh century, conquest began anew in India Anatolia, and sub-Saharan Africa

2. The need for military security led to new military technology, including the stirrup, bigger horses, and the armor and weapons of the knight.

Bibliography

(Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, Johnson, Northup)

Third Edition - The Earth and Its People - A Global History

I. The Early Tang Empire

4. Islam also expanded peacefully by trade in these and other areas both before and after the year 1000

3. Kings and nobles granted land (a fief) to a man in return for a promise to supply military service. By the tenth century, these fiefs had become hereditary. Fief is a Latin word

1. The Tang emperors legitimized their control by using the Buddhist idea that

kings are spiritual agents who bring their subjects into a Buddhist realm.

5. The close Meccan companions of the Prophet, men

of political and economic sophistication inspired by his

charisma, guided the conquests.

4. Kings were weak because they depended on their vassal who might very well hold fiefs from and be

obliged to more than one lord. Vassals held most of a kings realm, and most of the kings granted

substantial parts of land to their vassals.

2. Buddhism spread through Central and East Asia, following the trade routes that converged on the Tang capital, Changían.

B. Trade and Cultural Exchange

6. The social structure and hardy nature of Arab society lent itself to flexible military operations; and the authority of Medina, reconfirmed during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, ensured obedience.

5. Kings and nobles had limited ability to administer and tax their realms. Their power was

further limited by their inability to tax the vast landholdings of the Church. For most medieval people, the lords manor was the governments.

2. Tang China combined Central Asian influences, transmitted mostly by Turkic peoples,

6. Noble women were pawns in marriage politics. Women could own land, however, and non-noble women worked alongside the men.

with Chinese culture, bringing polo, grape wine, tea, and spices. In trade, China lost its monopoly on silk but began to produce its own cotton, tea, and sugar.

7. Umar tied army service, with its regular pay and windfalls of booty, to residence in large military camps—two in Iraq (Kufa and Basra), one in Egypt (Fustat), and one in Tunisia (Qairawan).

II. The Structure of Christian Faith

II. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China,

1. The Christian faith and the Catholic Church, headed by the pope, were sources of unity and order in the fragmented world of medieval Europe.

A. The Uighur and Tibetan Empires

B. The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates,

(661–850)

1. The Uighurs were known as merchants and scribes, had strong ties to both Islam and China, and developed their own script. The Uighur Empire lasted for about fifty years

1. The Umayyad caliphs presided over an ethnically

defined Arab realm rather than a religious empire.

2. The church hierarchy tried to deal with challenges to unity by calling councils of bishops to discuss and settle questions of doctrine.

2. They adopted and adapted the administrative practices of their Sasanid and Byzantine predecessors, as had the caliphs who preceded them.

2. In the ninth century, a Tibetan king attempted to eliminate Buddhism but failed. Tibet then entered a long period of monastic rule and isolation.

B. Politics and the Church

3. The Umayyad dynasty fell in 750 after a decade of growing unrest.

1. The popes sought to combine their religious power with political power by forging alliances

with kings and finally by choosing (in 962) to crown a German king as Holy Roman Emperor.

The Holy Roman Empire was in fact no more than a loose coalition of German princes.

3. During the Song period, the Chinese made a number of technological innovations,

many of them based on information that had been brought to China from West Asia during the cosmopolitan Tang era. Many of these innovations had to do with mathematics, astronomy, and calendar making.

4. In 750, in the region of Khurasan in what is today northeastern Iran, overthrew the last Umayyad caliph, though one family member escaped to Spain and founded an Umayyad principality there in 755.

2. Even within the Holy Roman Empire, secular rulers argued that they should have the power to appoint bishops who held land in fief. Popes disagreed, which led to a conflict known as the investiture controversy.

4. Tibet was a large empire with access to Southeast Asia, China, and South and Central Asia.

5. Some of the Abbasid caliphs who ruled after 750 befriended their relatives in Ali’s family, and one even flirted with transferring the caliphate to them.

5. In 1088, the engineer Su Song constructed a huge, chain-driven mechanical clock

3. Western Europe was heir to three legal traditions: Germanic feudal law, canon (church law), and Roman law.

C. Monasticism

Chapter 11

6. Theology and religious law became preoccupations at court and among a

growing community of scholars, along with interpretation of the Quran, collecting the sayings of the Prophet, and Arabic grammar.

Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas

1. Christian monasticism developed in Egypt in the fourth century on the basis of previous

religious practices such as celibacy, devotion to prayer, and isolation from society.

(600-1500)

7. Government grew increasingly complex in Baghdad, the newly built capital city on the Tigris River.

2. In Western Europe, Benedict of Nursia organized monasteries and supplied them with a set of written rules that governed all aspects of ritual and of everyday life.

II. Islamic Civilization

A. Law and Dogma

Thousands of men and women left society to devote themselves to monastic life.

III. The Rise of the Kievan State

1. The Shari’a, the law of Islam, provides the foundation of Islamic civilization.

1. In its early history, Russia was inhabited by a number of peoples of different language and

ethnic groups whose territory shifted from century to century.

2. Islam had no legal system in the time of

Muhammad. Arab custom and the Prophet’s own authority offered the only guidance.

2. Forest dwellers, steppe nomads, and farmers in the various ecological zones traded with each other. Long-distance caravan trade linked Russia to the Silk Road, while Varangians

3. The full sense of Islamic civilization, however, goes well beyond the basic Five Pillars. Some Muslim thinkers felt that the reasoned consideration of a mature man offered the best resolution of issues not covered by Quranic revelation.