Nationalism of United States
- Slave Trade ended in 1808
- The American Civil War which took place during 1861-1865 was caused because of the Southern states
- The Northern states believed in Abolitionism
- In April of 1861 fighting erupted between the Southern and the Northern States
- On April 9, 1865 Lincoln’s Emancipation proclamation declared most of the nation’s
- enslaved people “forever free.”
Great Britain
Italian Unification
Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
• Avoided revolutionary conflicts in the first half of 19th century
• In 1832- Parliament passed a bill that increased the number of male middle class voters
• By doing this, they avoided revolution in 1848
• Between 1850s and 1860s Parliament made social, political and economic changes for the better of the country
• Irish tried to control over Irish internal affairs.
• Industrialization had brought prosperity to the British middle class
• Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901, longest in British history.
• Through her duties and morals she started the Victorian age.
- Austria was the dominant power on the Italian peninsula in 1850.
- The royal house of Savoy ruled the Kingdom of Piedmont, included Savoy, Nice, and Sardinia
- King Victor Emmanuel II in 1849 ruled Italy then
- 1852- Camilio di Cavour became prime minister
- 1859- Italy declared war on Austrians
- Giuseppe Garibaldi was the leader in Southern Italy
- 1860- Garibaldi forces defeated Sicilie and Naples
- Italian gains control of Venetia
- 1970- Italians took over Rome
- The revolution of 1848 failed
- Russians invaded the Turkish Balkan
- Great Britain and France became fearful of Russia
- The war destroyed the concert of Europe
- Russia withdrew from the European affairs for 20 years
Germany
France
- Failed unification
- Looked to Prussia for leadership
- Military strength and reliance
- King William I failed to enlarge army
- New prime minister: Otto von Bismarck
- Ignored opposition to military reforms
- "Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism but to her power"
- Prussia & Austria defeat Denmarck, gain control of Schleswig and Holstein
- Friction between Prussia & Austria, leading to war
- Tried to restore absolute monarchy
- People voted for a new King thus in December 2, 1852, Napoleon III became the Emperor of France
- Government – More authoritarian, Napoleon controlled it, started building roads, harbors, cannals etc.
- Army- Under Napoleon III control and he could declare wars
- Rebuild Paris, Wider roads, public squares, new water system and underground sewage
- France lost the war in 1870, Empire fell.
Germany
- Northern states enter North German Confederation
- Southern German states & Prussia military alliance
- Domination of northern Germany
- Prussia vs France dispute over Spanish throne
- FrancoPrussian War
- Paris surrenders, peace treaty is signed. Gained provinces: Alsace and Lorraine
- Southern states enter North German Confederation
- William I of Prussia named kaiser of Second German Empire
- German unity acheived
Austria
- 19th century Europe Austrian Empire contained so many different ethnic groups
- Austrians makes concessions to the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians
- 1867- Compromises created a monarchy of Austrians and Hungarians
- Each of these two components had its own government and its own capital (Austria-Vienna, Hungary- Budapest)
- Compromise didn't satisfy the other nationalisties that made up the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire
Russia
- The Russian Czar was still regarded as a divine-right monarch with unlimited power
- 1856- Russian suffered a humiliatary defeat in the Grimean War
- Czar Alexander II made reforms when Russia was falling
- Problem in Russia: A humanitarian issue, a complicated one that affected the economic, social, and political future of Russia
- 1861- Alexander issued an emancipation edict.
- The Government provided land for the peasants.
- Alexander III turned against reforms
- Construced the Trans-siberian railway
National Unification and Nationalism
By: Steve, Haoran, Kaylee, Evelyn, Sam