General Muhammed Ayub Khan's Era

General Muhammad Ayub Khan's Era

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1965

EDUCATION REFORMS

ISLAMIC PROVISIONS

BACKGROUND

In 1964, Ayub confident in his apparent popularity and seeing deep divisions within the political opposition, called for Presidential elections.

He was however taken by surprise when despite a brief disagreement between the five main opposition parties, the joint opposition agreed on supporting the respected and popular Fatima Jinnah, the sister of the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Despite Jinnah's considerable popularity and public disaffection with Ayub's government, Ayub won with 64% of the vote in a bitterly contested election on 2 January 1965. The election did not conform to international standards and journalists. It is widely held, that the elections were rigged in favour of Ayub Khan using state patronage and intimidation to influence the indirectly elected electoral college. In the aftermath of the elections his son Gohar Ayub was involved in a major clash with opposition activists in their stronghold of Karachi.

Ayub, was a five-star general officer and statesman, serving as the second President of Pakistan from 1958 until his forced resignation in 1969. A self-appointed Field Marshal, he was ascended as the first chief martial law administrator by President Iskander Mirza in 1958, a post he retained until the promulgation of a new constitution in 1962.

• No law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Qur'an and Sunnah and all existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Qur'an and Sunnah.
• Only a Muslim could be qualified for the election as President.
• Teaching of the Quran and Islamiyat to the Muslims of Pakistan was made compulsory.
• Proper organisation of Zakat, waqf, and mosques was ensured.
• Practical steps were to be taken to eradicate what were seen as social evils by Islam, such as the use of alcohol, gambling, etc.

The education reforms were steadily improved, and scientific efforts were at the rising level during his years, leading the world-acclaim of Pakistan where his image was regarded more positive. It was meant to raise the literacy level and trained manpower in Pakistan. He made technical education mandatory. Two year degree program was extended to three years. Civil Defense training was made mandatory in the schools and colleges.

1965

1968

1958

1962

LABOUR REFORMS

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

CONSTITUTION 1962

His economical policies were based on the model of capitalism and followed the Free-market economics principles, industrialization that took place in his term is often regarded as "Great Decade" in the history of the country, both economical and political history.

Last but not the least, Ayub khan introduced labor reforms. Ayub showed interest to work for the betterment of the labor class. It was made mandatory for the factory owners to recognize the elected union council and to consider its opinion in all the issues. The government provided the security to the leader and members of the union council from any revengeful activity of the factory owner. In September 1961, a law was passed about the basic daily wages of the laborers. Social security scheme was promulgated by which the labor were to be facilitated in case of any emergency.

• Title of the State
• Presidential System
• Powers of the president
• Legislative powers
• Financial powers
• Federalism
• Fundamental Rights
• Islamic Provisions

• Encouraged to establish medium and small-scale industries.
• New job opportunities
• Many schools and colleges were constructed during his time
• Introduced agricultural reforms according to which no one could occupy land less than 12.5 acres
• Oil refinery in Karachi was set up, and these reforms led to 15% GNP of the country that was three times greater than that of India.
• Despite the increase in the GNP the profit and revenue was gained by the 22 families that controlled 66% of the industries and land of the country and 80% of the banking and insurance of Pakistan.