Transoceanic Trade Map

Indian Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Horses,cows, pigs, wheat, barley, sugar cane, melons,grapes,diseases

The Northwest Passage is a sea route through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways amidst the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The various islands of the archipelago are separated from one another and the Canadian mainland by a series of Arctic waterways collectively known as the Northwest Passages or Northwestern Passages. Parliament at Ottawa renamed it the "Canadian Northwest Passage" in motion M-387 passed unanimously 2 December 2009.

Sought by explorers for centuries as a possible trade route, it was first navigated by Roald Amundsen in 1903–1906. Until 2009, the Arctic pack ice prevented regular marine shipping throughout most of the year, but climate change has reduced the pack ice, and this Arctic shrinkage made the waterways more navigable. However, the contested sovereignty claims over the waters may complicate future shipping through the region: The Canadian government considers the Northwestern Passages part of Canadian Internal Waters, but the United States and various European countries maintain they are an international strait or transit passage, allowing free and unencumbered passage.

In October 2013 Tom Paddon, CEO of Baffinland Iron Mine, an iron ore consortium, said his firm had determined the Northwest Passage was too shallow for the capesize vessels his firm was planning to use to ship iron ore to Europe. Paddon said portions of the eastern end of the Passage were only 15 metres (49 ft) deep.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage

Buddhist art originated in the Indian subcontinent in the centuries following the life of the historical Gautama Buddha in the 6th to 5th century BCE, before evolving through its contact with other cultures and its diffusion through the rest of Asia and the world. Buddhist art traveled with believers as the dharma spread, adapted, and evolved in each new host country. It developed to the north through Central Asia and into Eastern Asia to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, and to the east as far as Southeast Asia to form the Southern branch of Buddhist art. In India, Buddhist art flourished and even influenced the development of Hindu art, until Buddhism nearly disappeared in India around the 10th century CE due in part to the vigorous expansion of Islam alongside Hinduism.

In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing attention of aspirants and adepts, a spiritual teaching tool, for establishing a sacred space and as an aid to meditation and trance induction. Its symbolic nature can help one "to access progressively deeper levels of the unconscious, ultimately assisting the meditator to experience a mystical sense of oneness with the ultimate unity from which the cosmos in all its manifold forms arises." The psychoanalyst Carl Jung saw the mandala as "a representation of the center of the unconscious self,"[10] and believed his paintings of mandalas enabled him to identify emotional disorders and work towards wholeness in personality.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Eastern_art

Europe to The Americas

The Americas to Europe and Africa

Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans , pineapple, peppers, tobacco, chocolate,etc.

During the Paleolithic Age, all humans had a lifestyle which involved limited use of tools and few permanent settlements. The first major technologies, then, were tied to survival, hunting, and food preparation in this environment. Fire, stone tools and weapons, and clothing were technological developments of major importance during this period. Stone Age cultures developed music, and engaged in organized warfare. A subset of Stone Age humans, including Ngaro Aborigines, developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe technology, leading to an eastward migration across the Malay archipelago, across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar and also across the Pacific Ocean, which required knowledge of the ocean currents, weather patterns, sailing, celestial navigation, and star maps.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology

Pacific Ocean

Diana Dominguez

Shaelyn Ballard

Advancement in maritime tools

• Compass
• Astrolabe
• Cartography
• Ships

Germans had traditions of foreign sea-borne trade dating back to the Hanseatic League; a tradition existed of German emigration (eastward in the direction of Russia and Transylvania and westward to theAmericas); and North German merchants and missionaries showed interest in overseas engagements. The Hanseatic republics of Hamburg and Bremen sent traders across the globe. These trading houses conducted themselves as successful Privatkolonisatoren [independent colonizers] and concluded treaties and land purchases in Africa and the Pacific with chiefs or other tribal leaders.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire

The Columbian Exchange

This helped the crossing of Atlantic to Pacific Ocean

RELIGION

Quakers (or Friends, as they refer to themselves) are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is thepriesthood of all believers, a doctrine derived from a verse in the New Testament, 1 Peter 2:9. Most Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holiness,liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends

In 1519 Hernan Cortes, supported by Spain conquered Aztecs. He tried spreading Christianity, but failed. By 1521 The Aztec civilization was destroyed. But some positive aspects were the introduction of domestic animals and technology. The European Conquest had lasting effects for both the New world and Old World.

Slavery was heavily used all throughout the New World.

Depictions in Books

Canton

After the cultures in India and the East Indies connected with Europe, European books with depictions of this "new" area became popular. However, many of them were inaccurate, as most of the authors and illustrators had never been to the areas they depicted.

Calcutta

Resulted In the exchange of crops, animals, diseases, tobacco, plants, and technology. Sea trade had more power than land trade. Demographic patterns were greatly changed due the major migrations. Also civilizations were destroyed and labor systems altered.

Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludovico-di-Varthema-King-of-Khambat-16th-century-India.jpg

Canton was the biggest port city in China, as it was the only port city in the early 18th century where travel from was allowed. Before that, it was still a major port. It was also a center for shipbuilding the short-distance Chinese ships called Junks.

Macau

Calcutta was yet another major trading city, where the East India Company hosted trade for all the European traders, while paying tribute to the Mughal Empire in India.

Water conflict is a term describing a conflict between countries, states, or groups over an access to water resources. The United Nations recognizes that water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or private.

A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout history, though rarely are traditional wars waged over water alone. Instead, water has historically been a source of tension and a factor in conflicts that start for other reasons. However, water conflicts arise for several reasons, including territorial disputes, a fight for resources, and strategic advantage.

These conflicts occur over both freshwater and saltwater, and between international boundaries. However, conflicts occur mostly over freshwater; because freshwater resources are necessary, yet limited, they are the center of water disputes arising out of need for potable water. As freshwater is a vital, yet unevenly distributed natural resource, its availability often impacts the living and economic conditions of a country or region. The lack of cost-effective water desalination techniques in areas like the Middle East, among other elements of water crises can put severe pressures on all water users, whether corporate, government, or individual, leading to tension, and possibly aggression. Recent humanitarian catastrophes, such as the Rwandan Genocide or the war in Sudanese Darfur, have been linked back to water conflicts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conflict

Macau was founded by the Portuguese as a trading city for ships to go to Japan or Mexico. The city had to pay taxes to the Chinese government, and was technically theirs. As trade to Japan from China was not allowed, the city became the middleman for trade between the two nations.

Picture from http://chinesejunkproject.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html

The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. Beginning after Columbus' discovery in 1492 the exchange lasted throughout the years of expansion and discovery. The Columbian Exchange impacted the social and cultural makeup of both sides of the Atlantic. Advancements in agricultural production, evolution of warfare, increased mortality rates and education are a few examples of the effect of the Columbian Exchange on both Europeans and Native Americans.

http://public.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/hist106web/site19/

Picture from http://indianoceanhistory.org/

Picture from http://chinesejunkproject.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html

The Triangle Trade greatly impacted African, it began the impoverishment is seen today.

15th century slaves were shipped to sugar plantations.

1510-1520s to Mexico, Caribbean, Peru, Central America

1530s to Brazil

17th century to North America

Masulipatnam

Masulipatnam was a port, and the center of European trade for textiles, by having British textile factories. A new type of fabric design, called Kalamkari was produced here. Kalamkari used wood blocks and paint to create designs, and was popular for trading.

Goa

Manila

Goa was a small port until the Portuguese took control of it. After that, it became Portugal's base to control their trade in the Indian Ocean, and to collect taxes. Also, it became the center of Portuguese attempts to spread Christianity.

Picture from http://chinesejunkproject.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html

Manila was a city founded by the Spanish for trade. Before, it had already been a trading settlement by collecting duties from traders. However, when the ruler, Sulayman, refused to let the Spanish rule, the two fought. The Spanish took over and made the city a trade city, and eventually the capital over their territory, the Philippines.

Picture from http://chinesejunkproject.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html

Chinese in Manila and in Trade

Tobacco

The Manila Galleon

A new ship was created in Manila, the Galleon, that took voyages from Manila to Mexico yearly, bringing silver from Mexico and limiting the amount of silver traded.

The Chinese had trading areas in most of the Spanish settlements in the Philippines. However, while the Spanish were sponsored by their state, the Chinese were independent, and had to pay taxes to Spain. Because of this, there were several Chinese rebellions and invasions in Manila, which were all ultimately unsuccessful.

Tobacco had spread to this area of the world on Portuguese and other European ships after it had been introduced from North America. The ships traded the tobacco to India, where it was then traded all around Asia as a medicinal herb. By 1630, it was even being cultivated here.

Picture from

http://cookjmex.blogspot.com/2010/11/puerto-vallarta-part-1-malecon.html

Aden

Calicut

Calicut was a city-state in India that was a major port city. Muslim traders stopped and traded here before continuing, and Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, discovered it when finding a route to India.

Aden was a city along the shortest route to the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese believed that the only way to control all Indian Ocean trade was to control this area. They laid siege and tried to blockade the city, however, their efforts were all unsuccessful. Because of this, other European powers were able to trade, and the Portuguese could not te full control.

Portuguese versus Muslim

After Vasco da Gama obtained this route from Portugal to India, the Muslim traders and the Portuguese traders fought over who would have the monopoly over trade. This wars continued for decades with either side having control at different times, and various truces, but eventually, the Portuguese took control.

Opium and the Indian Ocean

Religion

In this area, the smoking of the drug opium was taboo and considered barbaric. However, when the Portuguese began to trade here, they brought back the practice of smoking it. In the 1600's, people in India and surrounding areas began to drink opium mixtures for recreation, and Indian opium got traded into China through the Portuguese, and soon the British began to trade opium back to Britain. In the 1700's, the Dutch introduced smoking opium in a pipe to the Chinese.

Picture from http://indianoceanhistory.org/showImage.php?i=images/Images/First%20Global/aden.jpg

Christianity is spread and diffused with other practices.

Voodoo is created in the Caribbean and cult in the saints in Latin America.

In the Asia and Pacific region, 77.8 million children are engaged in child labor. Governments in Asia and the Pacific continued to make notable progress in combating the worst forms of child labor, particularly in the areas of legislation on and programs related to child domestic service, which is of particular concern in the region. Despite these efforts, significant obstacles remained in the areas of legal protections, specifically on deeming work as hazardous child labor, and in intra-government coordination and enforcement of child labor laws. Additionally, the lack of effective enforcement of these laws continues to hamper government efforts across the region.

http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/asia.htm

The Catholic Church lost power due to the centralization of the government given more authority to the King. Scientist and writers also challenged the Church. The Protestant Reformation also cause the division in Europe of Catholicism and Protestant.

Aceh

Aceh was another sultanate. After the Portuguese took over Malacca, Islamic trade shifted to Aceh. Aceh allied itself with the Dutch Trading Compony and the Ottoman Empire to protect itself from the Portuguese.

Malacca

Women in the Malay's

Women were originally very involved in trade, commerce, and diplomacy in this area. Most were literate and conducted business, much to the surprise of the Europeans. In Aceh, there were even a few female rulers, who encouraged and improved trade, as well as female military leaders. However, with the new influences of Christianity and Islam, women become less important and independent.

Malacca was a huge center for trade, and was the crossroads of all the trading cultures, due to its position on the Strait of Malacca. It was here in the 15th century that traders and merchants spread Islam to the Malay areas, and the Malay language was spread for trade.

Picture from http://fatayat.or.id/tokoh/detail/15

Fights over Malacca

At first, Malacca was an independent city-state, until the Europeans came. The Portuguese realized that if they controlled Malacca, they controlled the entire strait, and they attacked and took over. Later, the Dutch attacked, and although they destroyed the city, took over. They rebuilt it, and continued to trade.

Islam and the Malay People

Sunni Islam had spread all throughout this area because of Muslim traders coming through Malacca, and the government before the Europeans, the Sultanate of Malacca. The Sultanate helped unite the area with a shared culture, and conversion to Islam. However, elements of past animism religions remained, such as the popularity of Sufi's in the area.

Picture From http://cristaokk.com/about-us/about-the-portuguese-in-malaysia/

Africa (includes Asian products) to the Americas

Banana, coconut palms, coffee, sugar cane, goats, chickens, African slaves

The Dutch East Indian Trading Company

(VOC)

The Dutch East Indian Trading Company was in control of all of the Netherlands territory in Indonesia. They controlled all trade, and were considered a government to the area. They had a monopoly on spices, attacking any groups that did not trade through them, mass produced porcelain from China to trade, and produced their own currency.

Picture from http://fatayat.or.id/tokoh/detail/15

http://indianoceanhistory.org/

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html

http://www.biography.com/people/vasco-da-gama-9305736

http://www.calicutpressclub.com/history-of-calicut.htm

http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/ACEHIS/

http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Manila-History.html

http://geography.about.com/od/economic-geography/a/The-Dutch-East-India-Company.htm

http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/history/worldhistory/section12.php

http://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/traveler/movie.html

Information From:

Anastasia Weger