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Another Argument Against

P: The fork rules out too much as unknowable. it tells us we can have no religious or ethical knowledge which is unacceptable.

More Kripke

R:We should be skeptical about such knowledge. Claims like 'God exists' and 'murder is wrong' are not knowable, we must accept this is the case.

A priori contingent truths are also possible

  • The meter stick in Paris could warp and be shorter

MC: the fork is self refuting as it is neither a relation of idea now a matter of fact, it is unknowable.

Hume's Fork

Divides all knowable propositions into:

Matters of Fact

Relations of Ideas

  • Analytic: True in virtue of meanings of terms
  • Necessary: Opposite not logically conceivable
  • A priori: known without experience
  • Synthetic: True in virtue of the way the world works
  • Contingent: Opposite logically conceivable
  • A posteriori: known from experience

Kripke's Criticism

A posteriori necessary truths are possible

An Argument Against

Truths about the origins of things

  • A table would always have to have been made from a particular tree: otherwise, it would be a different table

Hume's Fork

P: Kant: Synthetic a Priori knowledge is possible

  • When we think of '7 + 5', our mind is not necessarily conveyed to '12'
  • 'The shortest distance between two points is a straight line'

Truths about the natural kinds of things

  • Water has to be 'H2O'

R: Ayer: Maths is Analytic

It does not synthesize distinct ideas, it simply involves unpacking often complex definitions

MC: Mathematical discoveries

If maths was analytic, how could we make any mathematical discoveries?

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