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Shakespearean and Petrarchan Sonnet through the ages

Analysis of the structures and the main characteristics of the most common models of sonnet: Petrarchan and Shakespearean.

Analysis of the poem “I find no peace” by Thomas Wyatt and

comparison with “Pace non trovo” by Francesco Petrarch

Analysis of the sonnet "I find no peace" by Thomas Wyatt

The sonnet present a large range of poetic imagery, in particular images and expressions based on contrast

A simile to express better the concept of coldheartedness

Oxymora that

put two internal feelings in contrast

of the poet caused by the strife

Adynata that

create an impossible

situation, the one

of the poet between

life and death

I find no peace, and all my war is done.

I fear and hope, I burn and freeze like ice.

I fly above the wind, yet can I not arise;

And naught I have, and all the world I seize on.

That looseth nor locketh holdeth me in prison

And holdeth me not—yet can I scape nowise-

Nor letteth me live nor die at my devise,

And yet of death it giveth none occasion.

Without eye I see, and without tongue I plain.

I desire to perish, and yet I ask health.

I love another, and thus I hate myself.

I feed me in sorrow and laugh in all my pain;

Likewise displeaseth me both death and life,

And my delight is causer of this strife.

All these are symbols: they represent the strife, the struggle that is considered the main theme of the poem

Metaphors, used to

have a stronger

emotional impact

on the reader

than simile

Comparison with "Pace non trovo" by Petrarch

Analysis of the sonnet "I find no peace" by Thomas Wyatt

A Petrarchan Sonnet based on an octave and a sestet of iambic pentameter

  • I find no peace is considered an "antithetical" sonnet for the numerous antithesis and oxymora

  • It is a Petrarchan sonnet that reflects all the main feature of the Petrarchan tradition that enumerate the conflicting states of mind caused by the love

  • The poem "I find no peace" could be considered a translation of the poem "Pace non trovo" by Petrarch

Onomatopoeia to express the sense of coldheartedness and detachment

Repetition of the words: I, and, nor/not, me to focus on the personality of the poet (I; me) and on his contrast feelings (and; nor/not)

Internal rhymes

I find no peace, and all my war is done.

I fear and hope, I burn and freeze like ice.

I fly above the wind, yet can I not arise;

And naught I have, and all the world I seize on.

That looseth nor locketh holdeth me in prison

And holdeth me not—yet can I scape nowise—

Nor letteth me live nor die at my devise,

And yet of death it giveth none occasion.

Without eye I see, and without tongue I plain.

I desire to perish, and yet I ask health.

I love another, and thus I hate myself.

I feed me in sorrow and laugh in all my pain;

Likewise displeaseth me both death and life,

And my delight is causer of this strife.

Allitteration of the sound

"th" that reminds the word "death" and assonance

of the sound "o", that evokes a sense of closure in contrast with the sounds "a" and "i" that recall a sense of opening

All the lines are end-stopped, so the end of the line coincides with a grammatical pause. This feature tend to slow down the rhythm in the poem.

The Origins of the Sonnet

Scorn not the Sonnet; Critic, you have frowned,

Mindless of its just honours

-'Scorn not the Sonnet' by William Wordsworth

  • The sonnet, which means "little song" is a precise lyric form that was invented in Italy by Iacopo Da Lentini in 1235 DC and then experimented by other poets
  • In England during the Renaissance, writing verses in spare time became a good mental exercise and in Elizabethan Age poetry flourished as an important art.
  • Thanks to two courtier-poets, Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, the sonnet was introduced in England.

An example of Shakespearean Sonnet: When my love swears by Shakespeare

The introduction of the idea

Quatrain

Quatrain

The complication of the idea

When my love swears that she is made of truth,

I do believe her, though I know she lies,

That she might think me some untutored youth,

Unlearned in the world’s false subtleties.

Thus vainly thinking that she thinks me young,

Although she knows my days are past the best,

Simply I credit her false-speaking tongue:

On both sides thus is simple truth suppressed.

But wherefore says she not she is unjust?

And wherefore say not I that I am old?

Oh, love’s best habit is in seeming trust,

And age in love loves not to have years told.

Therefore I lie with her and she with me,

And in our faults by lies we flattered be.

One more complication

of the idea

Quatrain

The resolution of the problem

In conclusion, what are the main differences between Petrarchan and Shakespearean sonnet?

Couplet

  • The rhyme scheme
  • The division of the sections
  • The development of themes:

emphasis and stress of the idea in Petrarchan sonnet

&

complication and deepening of the idea through

parallel images in Shakespearean Sonnet

The development of the sonnet in England

An example of Petrarchan Sonnet: The Lively Sparks by Thomas Wyatt

  • During the reign of Henry VIII the sonnet became popular: before poet used to translate Petrarch's sonnets but then they started to compose their own.

The introduction of the problem

What are the main causes of the success of the sonnet?

Octave

The development of the problem

  • The taste and the Italian fashion
  • The unique poetic persona of Petrarch
  • The distinctive devices of Italian Poetry
  • The figure of the Petrarchan lover, who reminds the provençal courtly love.

The lively sparks that issue from those eyes,

Against the which there vaileth no defence,

Have pierc’d my heart, and done it none offence,

With quaking pleasure more than once or twice.

Was never man could any thing devise,

Sunbeams to turn with so great vehemence

To daze man’s sight, as by their bright presence

Dazed am I; much like unto the guise

Of one stricken with dint of lightning,

Blind with the stroke, and crying here and there;

So call I for help, I not when nor where,

The pain of my fall patiently bearing:

For straight after the blaze, as is no wonder,

Of deadly noise hear I the fearful thunder.

The Petrarchan Sonnet

The change or volta

The Shakespearean Sonnet

The solution of the problem

Sestet

The Petrarchan Sonnet is organized in 14 lines of iambic pentameter divided into an octave and a sestet with the following rhyme scheme: ABBA ABBA and CDECDE or CDCDCD.

The development of themes:

  • The octave presents an argument that causes a doubt and a conflict in the poet.
  • At the 8th and 9th line 'the volta' occurs introduced by words such as 'but', 'yet', 'then' or an exclamation.
  • Then the sestet give the reason and the conclusion for what was presented in the octave.
  • Emphasis of the idea of the poem through the octave and the sestet.

The Shakespearean or English Sonnet is structured in 14 lines of iambic pentameter divided into 3 quatrains followed by a couplet with this rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

New rhyme scheme introduced because of the less number of rhyming words in English than Italian.

The development of the themes:

  • The quatrains present different parallel images, tied together by the final couplet with the solution
  • The first quatrain present an idea, that become more complicate with the other quatrains, as a climax
  • The volta is usually presented at the end of the 8th and at the 9th line, introduced by the same conjunctions of Petrarchan sonnet (and, if, so, but, yet..)
  • The couplet clarifies and solves the idea or the situation

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