Introduzione
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Ricerche popolari
Mao Zedong may have been raised in the Buddhist tradition, but he rejected all forms of religion for the atheistic socialism of Marxism-Leninism, which sees organized religion as the 'opiate of the masses'.
In 1949 Chairman Mao emancipated women from their feudal past, banning foot binding and allowing them into the work force for the first time.
Women's literacy and work force equality has improved, but family dynamics have not. Males are favored and the system mistreats women for the sake of male dominance (this has created a population imbalance because there are now more males in China than there are females).
The Communist Party believed that they were more capable of judging for the minorities' best interest.
During Cultural Revolution: (minorities devastated)
- Over 6,000 monasteries destroyed in Tibet
- Mongols in Inner - Mongolia (autonomous region) were persecuted (790,000), maimed (120,000), or killed (22,000) during ruthless witch hunt to find the separatist group of Inner-Mongolia's People's Party-- had been disbanded years before
- Religious books and works of Uighurs and Hui Muslim were burned
- Language schools destroyed around the borders of China
- Massacre of the Hui Muslims by the People's Liberation Army, called Shadian Incident-- claimed 1,600 lives in 1975
Mao wrote many essays, but in 1915 when he was at University, he wrote a 4,000 character graffiti criticizing the Chinese school system and current state of Chinese society.
Mao declared that the workers would be the leaders of a "People's Democratic Dictatorship" (ex: you can vote, but there's only one choice [Mao] to mark on the ballot)
This Democratic Dictatorship promised freedoms including
Under Mao's rule, almost all foreigners left China. Mao also killed much of his opposition and reformed the communist party. Mao's attack of bourgeois-capitalism killed all private industry in China and weakened capitalism (which he tried to fix with with "Great Leap Forward" - which resulted in many deaths).
China's First five year plan was actually very successful in terms of industrialization and output of goods (quantity).
Mao took China from a disunited state that was controlled by war lords to a unified country that became a major world power.
The CCP also gave peasants a greater say in local government and had a strong army that fought against Japan and during the revolution.
Mao's ability to make the Chinese People like him was very successful. He is held in high regard by many of the Chinese people and was even loved. Mao died in 1976. He is generally held in high regard in China where he is often portrayed as a great revolutionary and strategist who eventually defeated Chiang Kai-shek in the Chinese Civil War, and transformed the country into a major power through his policies.
The Great Leap Forward 1958-61 led to Chinese-Soviet dispute which arose from Mao’s determination to convert China and the whole communist world to his own “pure” interpretation of Marxism. There was collision and conflict between Mao and Khrushchev.
To say that Mao's socialist programs underperformed is an understatement. They were never as successful as Mao thought they would be and while trying to institute things that would make them more successful, like the "Cultural Revolution", which also failed.
During the Cultural Revolution, Chairman Mao created his "Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung" (commonly known in the West as "The Little Red Book"), a book of selected statements from Mao's speeches and writings. It was essentially an unofficial requirement for every Chinese citizen to own, to read, and to carry it at all times and between 5 and 6.5 billion copies were printed. Studying the book was not only required in schools but was also a standard practice in the workplace.
A quotation from the book: "Our point of departure is to serve the people whole-heartedly and never for a moment divorce ourselves from the masses, to proceed in all cases from the interests of the people and not from one's self-interest or from the interests of a small group, and to identify our responsibility to the people with our responsibility to the leading organs of the Party."
Andy Warhol's view of Mao
Mao was quite popular in China and the rest of the world.
Mao is responsible for close to anywhere from 49 million to 75 million Chinese deaths. These were from war, opposition, the famines following The Great Leap Forward, The Cultural Revolution or many other possibilities. Mao is responsible for more deaths than Stalin and Hitler combined.
Cultural Revolution - The Cultural Revolution targeted not only party functionaries, but also “officeholders in the economy, education, and cultural institutions” in an attempt to rid China of bourgeois influences. Mao deliberately set out to create a cult for himself and to purge the Chinese Communist Party of anyone who did not fully support his ideologies. He used the Chinese Youth and his Red Guards to punish those who opposed his rule and ideologies. Mao worried that the Chinese were gaining too much power at his expense so he wanted to reassert his own power.
20 to 30 million alone lost their lives due to famine or malnutrition during the Great Leap Forward.
Mao's biggest goal: Get the People's Republic of China on par with the rest of the world's major industrial powers. Mao thought that he could rely on the industrial manpower of China to create the same advances that Western nations had seen.
Pros:
Cons:
Like in Stalin's Soviet Union, Mao's collectivization of agriculture resulted in famines instead of the additional food that Mao had expected because peasants could not produce enough crops to supply the state's needs
Forced Mao to get rid of collectivization of crops and allow peasants to sell crops at market prices
Also had to allow some private industry in areas where the government was unable to run successfully.
Mao failed to create an overall successful economic plan for many reasons; some being:
National People's Congress
Divided into three bodies:
Power is concentrated in the Paramount Leader who heads all three bodies:
Communist Party of China
The first united front, where the CCP and KMT unite against local warlords and foreign influence on China.
First civil war begins when the KMT, victorious over the warlords, turn against the CCP.
The second united front, where the KMT and CCP unite in order to remove the invading Japanese.
CCP defeats the KMT. Proclamation of People's Republic of China created and Mao Zedong takes power.
Second civil war begins when the KMT, victorious over the Japanese, turn against the CCP.