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Trascrizione

Mao Zedong's Rise to Power!

MAO ZEDONG

Chinese People's Republic

Notable Facts

Religion

Women and Minority Groups

Minority Groups

Women

Mao Zedong may have been raised in the Buddhist tradition, but he rejected all forms of religion for the atheistic socialism of Marxism-Leninism, which sees organized religion as the 'opiate of the masses'.

In 1949 Chairman Mao emancipated women from their feudal past, banning foot binding and allowing them into the work force for the first time.

Women's literacy and work force equality has improved, but family dynamics have not. Males are favored and the system mistreats women for the sake of male dominance (this has created a population imbalance because there are now more males in China than there are females).

The Communist Party believed that they were more capable of judging for the minorities' best interest.

  • Groups had political representation, but it was very limited. Many of the people who lead these regions act to be part of these ethnic groups, but usually aren't-- more loyal to the government

During Cultural Revolution: (minorities devastated)

- Over 6,000 monasteries destroyed in Tibet

- Mongols in Inner - Mongolia (autonomous region) were persecuted (790,000), maimed (120,000), or killed (22,000) during ruthless witch hunt to find the separatist group of Inner-Mongolia's People's Party-- had been disbanded years before

- Religious books and works of Uighurs and Hui Muslim were burned

- Language schools destroyed around the borders of China

- Massacre of the Hui Muslims by the People's Liberation Army, called Shadian Incident-- claimed 1,600 lives in 1975

Mao wrote many essays, but in 1915 when he was at University, he wrote a 4,000 character graffiti criticizing the Chinese school system and current state of Chinese society.

Freedoms

Mao declared that the workers would be the leaders of a "People's Democratic Dictatorship" (ex: you can vote, but there's only one choice [Mao] to mark on the ballot)

This Democratic Dictatorship promised freedoms including

  • Speech
  • Thought
  • Publication
  • Assembly
  • Association
  • Correspondence
  • Person
  • Domicile
  • Moving from one place to another
  • Religious beliefs
  • Freedom to hold processions and demonstrations

None of these freedoms were actually protected

Mao's "greatest successes and failures"

Failures

Successes

Under Mao's rule, almost all foreigners left China. Mao also killed much of his opposition and reformed the communist party. Mao's attack of bourgeois-capitalism killed all private industry in China and weakened capitalism (which he tried to fix with with "Great Leap Forward" - which resulted in many deaths).

China's First five year plan was actually very successful in terms of industrialization and output of goods (quantity).

Mao took China from a disunited state that was controlled by war lords to a unified country that became a major world power.

The CCP also gave peasants a greater say in local government and had a strong army that fought against Japan and during the revolution.

Mao's ability to make the Chinese People like him was very successful. He is held in high regard by many of the Chinese people and was even loved. Mao died in 1976. He is generally held in high regard in China where he is often portrayed as a great revolutionary and strategist who eventually defeated Chiang Kai-shek in the Chinese Civil War, and transformed the country into a major power through his policies.

The Great Leap Forward 1958-61 led to Chinese-Soviet dispute which arose from Mao’s determination to convert China and the whole communist world to his own “pure” interpretation of Marxism. There was collision and conflict between Mao and Khrushchev.

To say that Mao's socialist programs underperformed is an understatement. They were never as successful as Mao thought they would be and while trying to institute things that would make them more successful, like the "Cultural Revolution", which also failed.

During the Cultural Revolution, Chairman Mao created his "Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung" (commonly known in the West as "The Little Red Book"), a book of selected statements from Mao's speeches and writings. It was essentially an unofficial requirement for every Chinese citizen to own, to read, and to carry it at all times and between 5 and 6.5 billion copies were printed. Studying the book was not only required in schools but was also a standard practice in the workplace.

A quotation from the book: "Our point of departure is to serve the people whole-heartedly and never for a moment divorce ourselves from the masses, to proceed in all cases from the interests of the people and not from one's self-interest or from the interests of a small group, and to identify our responsibility to the people with our responsibility to the leading organs of the Party."

Andy Warhol's view of Mao

Mao was quite popular in China and the rest of the world.

Mao is responsible for close to anywhere from 49 million to 75 million Chinese deaths. These were from war, opposition, the famines following The Great Leap Forward, The Cultural Revolution or many other possibilities. Mao is responsible for more deaths than Stalin and Hitler combined.

Cultural Revolution - The Cultural Revolution targeted not only party functionaries, but also “officeholders in the economy, education, and cultural institutions” in an attempt to rid China of bourgeois influences. Mao deliberately set out to create a cult for himself and to purge the Chinese Communist Party of anyone who did not fully support his ideologies. He used the Chinese Youth and his Red Guards to punish those who opposed his rule and ideologies. Mao worried that the Chinese were gaining too much power at his expense so he wanted to reassert his own power.

20 to 30 million alone lost their lives due to famine or malnutrition during the Great Leap Forward.

  • Some consider Mao's greatest legacy his death. He inspired leaders after him to change China.
  • Leaders after Mao gave back to the Chinese people the opportunities to express their entrepreneurial skills, leading to astonishing rates of growth and a total transformation of the face of Chinese cities.

Economic Policies

of Mao's China

Mao's biggest goal: Get the People's Republic of China on par with the rest of the world's major industrial powers. Mao thought that he could rely on the industrial manpower of China to create the same advances that Western nations had seen.

The First

Five Year Plan

Agrarian Reform Law

Collectivization

of Agriculture

1953-1957

  • Vigorous agrarian revolution to get rid of "landlordism"
  • Goal: take land form landlords and peacefully redistribute it
  • Redistributed land to the peasantry to so they would support his regime (4/5 of China's population at that time lived in rural areas, Mao wanted them to view the revolution favorably)
  • Created to take the revolution forward amongst rural masses; use the people to get what you want
  • Violence raising political awareness was a forecast of what was to come for China
  • 1953 marks the start of China's drive towards collectivization
  • Focus: raising food production, preventing re-emergence of rich peasants, achieving greater agricultural specialization and proceeding faster toward goal of socialist transformation.
  • Like the USSR, China placed a huge emphasis on heavy industry on a large scale
  • Industrial growth grew exponentially (121% more than projected); this was also done at the same time as the collectivization of agriculture
  • Set the stage for the "socialist transformation" and was the end of the "bourgeois-democratic" phase of China.

Pros:

  • Unemployment dropped
  • Standard of living increased
  • Increase industrial output

Cons:

  • Quantity does not equal quality. (i.e. steel production)
  • Unrealistic and superficial goals

Like in Stalin's Soviet Union, Mao's collectivization of agriculture resulted in famines instead of the additional food that Mao had expected because peasants could not produce enough crops to supply the state's needs

Forced Mao to get rid of collectivization of crops and allow peasants to sell crops at market prices

Also had to allow some private industry in areas where the government was unable to run successfully.

Mao failed to create an overall successful economic plan for many reasons; some being:

  • Mao lacked the knowledge of agricultural science necessary to understand the reports he received form the countryside
  • He was also very limited in his understanding of the industrial process; he believed in massive deployment of manpower

Successes in Foreign Policy to Remain in Power

Korea

  • Mao intervened with the Korean Civil War, both to stop the spreads of imperialism, since South Korea was supported by the Americans, and to protect China's national Security.

  • Beijing had recognized that the great costs of the war, the questionable reliability of Soviet military backing, and the danger of direct US retaliation against China had come close to threatening its very existence.

  • Although in preserving North Korea as a communist state, China had attained its principal strategic objective, its leaders understood the costs and risks involved and were determined to exercise a greater caution in their international dealings.
  • At the end of 1957, the Soviet Union evidently agreed to provide China with the technical assistance needed to make an atomic bomb, and during 1958 Soviet Union increased its level of aid to China.

  • Mao was also able to support Chinese interest in Tibet and north India though the Sino-Indian Border Conflict.

  • Mao was able to support Vietnam and kick the French and Americans out of the country, thus stopping the spread of Imperialism.

Influences by

Ideological Beliefs

Basic Components Cont.

  • Contradictions
  • Society is dominated by a wide range of contradictions that call for varying strategies. Revolution is necessary to resolve fully antagonistic contradictions such as those between labor and capital.
  • Contradictions arising within the revolutionary movement call for ideological correction to prevent them from becoming antagonistic

  • Culture Revolution
  • The revolution does not wipe out bourgeois ideology; the class struggle continues, and even intensifies during socialism.
  • Therefore a constant struggle against these ideologies and their social roots must be conducted.

Basic Components

  • Followers known as Maoists, considered an anti-Revisionist form of Marxism-Leninism.

  • Agrarian peasantry, rather than working class, is the key revolutionary force which can fundamentally transform capitalist society towards socialism

  • Believed, "Political Power Grows Out Of The Barrel Of A Gun"
  • People's War and the Mass Line.
  • The party must not be separate from the popular masses, either in policy or in revolutionary struggle.
  • To conduct a successful revolution the needs and demands of the masses must be the most important issues.

  • New Democracy
  • Socialism cannot be introduced before the country has gone through a period in which the material conditions improve.

MAOISM

National People's Congress

Divided into three bodies:

  • Political: Communist Party of China
  • Administrative: State Council
  • Enforcement: People's Liberation Army

Legislative

Executive

Power is concentrated in the Paramount Leader who heads all three bodies:

  • General Secretary of Communist Party
  • President of the People's Republic of China
  • Chairman of the Central Military Commission

Communist Party of China

  • Controlled by the Politburo Standing Committee: a group of 4 to 9 people, who make all decisions of national significance.
  • The Army is to enforce these decisions, the support of the PLA is important in maintaining Party rule.
  • The highest organ of state power in China.

  • Meets annually for about two weeks to review and approve major new policy directions, laws, the budget, and major personnel changes.

  • Most national legislation in the People's Republic of China is adopted by the Standing Committee.

Organization of

People's Republic of China

1924-1927

Civil War!

The first united front, where the CCP and KMT unite against local warlords and foreign influence on China.

Judicial

  • The CCP (Chinese Communist Party) which is eventually led by Mao Zedong.
  • The KMT (Kuomintang) which were nationalist led by Sun Yat Sen then Chiang Kai-shek

1927-1937

First civil war begins when the KMT, victorious over the warlords, turn against the CCP.

  • The court system is intended to exercise judicial power independently and free of interference from administrative organs, public organizations, and individuals.
  • Supreme People's Court--highest and last resort court for the whole People's Republic of China.
  • Local People's Courts--handles criminal and civil cases.
  • Consists of: High, Intermediate, and Basic People's courts based on provinces, counties, and towns.
  • Courts of Special Jurisdiction--mainly military.

1949

1937-1946

The second united front, where the KMT and CCP unite in order to remove the invading Japanese.

CCP defeats the KMT. Proclamation of People's Republic of China created and Mao Zedong takes power.

1946-1949

Second civil war begins when the KMT, victorious over the Japanese, turn against the CCP.

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