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chronic

acute

vs.

long term

short term

response

adaptation

Endocrine Response to Exercise Training

anabolic

catabolic

vs.

break down

build-up

degradation

synthesis

endocrine signaling

- chemical messenger

hormone

endocrine glands

in the blood...

to target tissue cells

- secrete hormones...

stimulated by:

what you see on the outside:

what happens on the inside:

  • chemical signal received by receptor
  • electrical signal from nerves

binding proteins

  • tissue adaptations are regulated by the circulating hormones
  • resistance training is the only natural stimulus that increases lean tissue mass
  • protect and store hormones, extend hormone life in circulation

but

  • hormones are not active unless separated from their binding protein
  • different workout types result in different hormonal responses
  • ability to do so depends on the training program employed

paracrine signalling

autocrine signalling

  • hormone delivers message to the cell that produced it
  • message delivered to adjacent cell without traveling in the blood

hormones and their actions are incredibly complex

  • affect multiple tissues
  • muscle, liver, bone, kidney, etc.
  • play multiple physiological roles
  • energy management, reproduction, growth, development, etc.
  • interact with each other in complex ways

role of receptors

hormonal changes in peripheral blood

heavy resistance and hormonal increases

locations:

  • during exercise, electrical, chemical, and hormonal signals are sent from the brain and muscles to other endocrine glands

blood - binding proteins

cell membrane - polypeptide receptors

DNA - steroid receptors

  • hormone concentration depends on amount of hormone and amount of blood (water)

fluid volume shifts:

  • hormones will only affect a tissue that has a receptor for that hormone

chronic adaptation to the stress

acute response to the exercise stress

  • shift of fluid from inside to outside cells can carry hormones also
  • target tissue vs. every other tissue
  • increased hormones without increase in gland secretion

variables:

resistance training:

tissue clearance rates:

  • how long it takes a hormone to circulate through a tissue
  • hormone concentration
  • receptor number
  • receptor sensitivity
  • activates muscle fibers that aren't active in every day activities

stress from resistance training:

  • it might not go to the intended place first, so it may have to travel through other organs on the way

actin and myosin

protein degradation

  • slows it down, might degrade or inactivate it
  • alters muscle membranes - alters hormone receptor sensitivity

lock-and-key theory

hormonal degradation:

only in muscle fibers used during exercise

(oversimplification)

  • breakdown/deactivation of the hormone
  • what exercises are you doing?

venous pooling of the blood:

the amount of force produced affects receptor synthesis and receptor sensitivity to anabolic hormones

  • slows down the return circulation of blood

too much stress:

bind same receptor, but do different things

  • may result in slower transport of hormones

receptor sensitivity

  • only takes 1 or 2 sessions to increase number of receptors

binding protein interaction:

protein degradation

receptor number

may enhance or inhibit hormone action

  • may make it easier to transport protein
  • protein needs to be freed before it can be active

muscle

remodeling

hormonal interactions

net protein synthesis

inflammatory response

damage or disruption

catecholamines

  • involves immune cells under hormonal control

epinephrine/norepinephrine

aka adrenaline

increased protein synthesis

decreased protein degradation

&

"fight or flight" response

  • increased force production

anabolic hormones

catabolic hormones

  • increased neural and enzymatic activity
  • increased muscle contraction rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased energy availability
  • increased blood flow
  • alter secretion of other hormones

heavy resistance training increases your ability to secrete epinephrine during maximal activity

cortisol

  • primary hormone signal for carbohydrate metabolism

testosterone

GH

IGFs

  • transported by a transport protein from...

growth hormone

insulin-like growth factors

  • activity is related to glycogen availability
  • important in childhood development
  • testes - men
  • ovaries - women
  • results in prolific increases in protein anabolism
  • less glycogen = more cortisol activity
  • vital in the adaptation to resistance training
  • increased in response to GH, testosterone, and thyroid hormone
  • increase DNA transcription, increasing protein synthesis
  • converts amino acids to carbohydrates

variables that testosterone

  • increases after exercise
  • travel in the blood bound to a binding protein - may store IGFs for an extended period of time
  • gets the amino acids by breaking down proteins - proteolytic activity
  • maintains blood glucose
  • increases breakdown & use of fats
  • increases protein synthesis
  • increases collagen synthesis
  • stimulates cartilage growth
  • increases kidney function & size
  • enhances immune function
  • large muscle group exercises
  • heavy resistance
  • mod-high volume (reps x sets)
  • short rest intervals
  • amount of resistance training experience
  • can promote GH release, increasing protein synthesis
  • manufactured and stored in liver, muscle, and fat cells
  • can enhance neural transmission
  • greater breakdown of fast-twitch fibers (more amino acids available)
  • greater total control of slow-twitch fiber breakdown
  • influenced by nutritional status

effect of age in males:

enhances recovery from stress (resistance exercise)

  • results in atrophy of muscle fibers

pre-puberty:

old men:

young men:

  • big increases in release during sleep
  • less testosterone at rest and in response to exercise

training adaptations of IGFs

IGF response to exercise

  • little testosterone to begin with
  • smaller increase with exercise - may be due to non-responsiveness of testes

so, should I take GH to get big and strong?

  • greater total testosterone at rest and after workout
  • more bound testosterone (better transport) and more free testosterone (more action)

resistance training & cortisol

  • potentially elevated 8-30 hours after exercise ends
  • little to no change in IGF concentrations in response to resistance training
  • probably not...
  • IGF release probably due to disruption of cells
  • increased cortisol in response to resistance training
  • especially when volume is high and rest periods are short
  • autocrine and paracrine mechanisms are important for IGF influence on muscle
  • unintended side effects, especially if everything is normal starting out
  • muscles might grow, but they don't work as well
  • adaptations are probably elsewhere:
  • receptors
  • release and transport
  • interaction with other hormones
  • autocrine function in the muscles
  • etc.
  • responds to big anaerobic metabolism stimulus

effect of sex:

  • initial levels of IGFs may determine whether or not they increase in response to exercise
  • conditions that increase GH the most also increase cortisol the most

lower initially - increased with exercise

higher initially - no increase with exercise

males:

females:

muscle remodeling process

training adaptations of GH

GH response to stress

  • more testosterone
  • greater response to exercise
  • 15-20 fold less testosterone
  • small increase after exercise (if any)

+

  • increased release when H ions and lactate concentrations are elevated
  • little (if any) change in the resting concentration of GH with training
  • many other factors may be altered
  • it seems that an "intensity threshold" must be reached in order to increase GH
  • increases in response to inflammation

variables affecting GH release:

  • receptor sensitivity
  • diurnal variation
  • feedback mechanisms
  • etc.

- more is better

males

  • volume of exercise (reps x sets)
  • amount of rest between sets
  • resistance

- less is better

- more is better (if other variables are constant)

  • smaller increase in GH release in response to a particular stress

females

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