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Radiation : is energy that is transmitted in the form of waves or streams of particles. It is present everywhere in our environment.
Heat and light are types of radiation that people can feel or see, but there are other kinds of radiation that human senses cannot detect
The mirror effect results in a tendency for charged particles to bounce back from the high field region.
There are four different but interrelated units for measuring radioactivity, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent.
Magnaetic mirror : is a magnetic field configuration where the field strength changes when moving along a field line.
Ionizing radiation comes in several different forms:
Type of Radiation
Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896, - Nuclei can decay in a variety of modes or channels-for example, by emitting photons or Q' particles.
The Van Allen Belts : are layers of charged high-energy particlesThe Van Allen radiation belt is composed of two torus-shaped layers of energetic charged particles (plasma) around the planet Earth, held in place by its magnetic field.
The belt extends from an altitude of about 1,000 km to 60,000 km above the surface.
While protons form one radiation belt, trapped electrons present two distinct structures, the inner and outer belt. The inner electron Van Allen belt extends typically from an altitude of 1.2 to 3 Earth radii (L values of 1 to 3).
The N is the number of nuclei present at t = 0, then N(t), the number of nuclei that remain after a time t, is given by
It is split into two distinct belts, with energetic electrons forming the outer belt and a combination of protons and electrons forming the inner belt.
0
Outer belt
The large outer radiation belt extends from an altitude of about three to ten Earth radii (RE) or 13,000 to 60,000 kilometers above the Earth's surface.
Its greatest intensity is usually around 4–5 RE. The outer electron radiation belt is mostly produced by the inward radial diffusion
The composite motion of charged particles trapped in the Earth's magnetic field.
3.Slow longitudinal drift of the guiding centre path around the Earth, westward for ions and eastward for electrons.
2.Movement of the gyration centre up and down magnetic field lines (guiding centre motion).
1.Gyration about magnetic field lines.
Charged particles trapped in the Van Allen radiation belts
The motion of these energetic charged particles consists of three components
Dynamics of the rapped particle population
The variation of the low altitude trapped proton flux over the solar cycle
The motions of charged particles entering the magnetosphere from the solar wind and undergoing acceleration, or resulting from the decay of neutrons produced by cosmic ray interactions with the neutral atmosphere, are dominated by the magnetospheric magnetic field.
The sun emits radio energy with slowly varying intensity which generates solar winds that consists of charged particles. The motions of charged particles entering the magnetosphere from the solar wind and undergoing acceleration, or resulting from the decay of neutrons produced by cosmic ray interactions with the neutral atmosphere. Particles confined to magnetic shells can remain there for long periods, up to years for protons at altitudes of a few thousand kilometers, whence the term "trapped particles".
(b) A painting of Earth's magnetic field (white arrows) depicts the Van Allen radiation belts (orange) being hit by incoming cosmic rays
The dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field is an approximation of the complex true Earth's magnetic field
Earth's magnetic Field lines