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Transcript

Radiation

Van Allen Blts

Magnetic mirror

Discussion

Conclusion

Radiation : is energy that is transmitted in the form of waves or streams of particles. It is present everywhere in our environment.

Radiation

The Van Allen Belts

  • Non-ionizing radiation is a lower energy radiation such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light (sunlight) and ultraviolet (UV) rays.

Magnetic mirror machine

  • These are Alpha particles (α), Beta particles (β), Neutron (n), X-ray, and Gamma rays (γ).
  • Ionizing radiation includes the radiation that comes from both natural and man-made radioactive materials such as cosmic rays, nuclear power plants, and x-ray machines.

Magnetic mirror

Type of radiation

Motion of a trapped particle in a mirror machine

Chapter One

  • Alpha particles –
  • Beta particles -
  • Gamma and X rays –

Heat and light are types of radiation that people can feel or see, but there are other kinds of radiation that human senses cannot detect

Measuring Radiation

The mirror effect results in a tendency for charged particles to bounce back from the high field region.

Magnetic mirror

There are four different but interrelated units for measuring radioactivity, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent.

The theory

The Radiation

  • The units of measure for radioactivity are the curie (Ci) and becquerel (Bq).
  • The units for exposure are the roentgen (R) and coulomb/kilogram (C/kg).
  • The units for absorbed dose are the radiation absorbed dose (rad) and gray (Gy).
  • Units for dose equivalent are the roentgen equivalent man (rem) and sievert (Sv

Magnaetic mirror : is a magnetic field configuration where the field strength changes when moving along a field line.

Chapter Two

Ionizing radiation comes in several different forms:

Type of Radiation

Introduction

Radioactivity

Van Allen Belts

Inner belt

Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896, - Nuclei can decay in a variety of modes or channels-for example, by emitting photons or Q' particles.

The Van Allen Belts : are layers of charged high-energy particlesThe Van Allen radiation belt is composed of two torus-shaped layers of energetic charged particles (plasma) around the planet Earth, held in place by its magnetic field.

The belt extends from an altitude of about 1,000 km to 60,000 km above the surface.

While protons form one radiation belt, trapped electrons present two distinct structures, the inner and outer belt. The inner electron Van Allen belt extends typically from an altitude of 1.2 to 3 Earth radii (L values of 1 to 3).

The N is the number of nuclei present at t = 0, then N(t), the number of nuclei that remain after a time t, is given by

It is split into two distinct belts, with energetic electrons forming the outer belt and a combination of protons and electrons forming the inner belt.

0

The decay rate from the mode labeled by the subscript

Outer belt

The large outer radiation belt extends from an altitude of about three to ten Earth radii (RE) or 13,000 to 60,000 kilometers above the Earth's surface.

Its greatest intensity is usually around 4–5 RE. The outer electron radiation belt is mostly produced by the inward radial diffusion

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The composite motion of charged particles trapped in the Earth's magnetic field.

Radiation & Van Allen Belts

3.Slow longitudinal drift of the guiding centre path around the Earth, westward for ions and eastward for electrons.

2.Movement of the gyration centre up and down magnetic field lines (guiding centre motion).

1.Gyration about magnetic field lines.

The concept of trapped particle radiation

Charged particles trapped in the Van Allen radiation belts

Presentation By :

Rasti Muhammad Najm & Tish Omer Hamad

Supervisor By :

Prof. Dr. Kays Shareef Majdi

Discussion and Conclusion

The concept of trapped particle radiation

The motion of these energetic charged particles consists of three components

Dynamics of the rapped particle population

The variation of the low altitude trapped proton flux over the solar cycle

The motions of charged particles entering the magnetosphere from the solar wind and undergoing acceleration, or resulting from the decay of neutrons produced by cosmic ray interactions with the neutral atmosphere, are dominated by the magnetospheric magnetic field.

Chapter Three

(a) The Van Allen radiation belts correspond to L =1.5 to 2.5 and L = 4 to 6

Conclusion

The sun emits radio energy with slowly varying intensity which generates solar winds that consists of charged particles. The motions of charged particles entering the magnetosphere from the solar wind and undergoing acceleration, or resulting from the decay of neutrons produced by cosmic ray interactions with the neutral atmosphere. Particles confined to magnetic shells can remain there for long periods, up to years for protons at altitudes of a few thousand kilometers, whence the term "trapped particles".

(b) A painting of Earth's magnetic field (white arrows) depicts the Van Allen radiation belts (orange) being hit by incoming cosmic rays

Dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field

The dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field is an approximation of the complex true Earth's magnetic field

Contents

Earth's magnetic Field lines

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