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Imperialism
Sphere of Influence
Effects of Nationalism
Nationalism
Imperialism is the control of many peoples and countries by one Nation. The empires usually have colonies in foreign areas.
A sphere of Influence is the control of other countries by doing things with political subjugation, economical dominance, colonialism, and/or military intimidation.
In Europe, the ideas of nationalism caused major changes. Germany united and there was major tension between empires and their subjugated peoples. So like any great empire would, they conquered more land and people in Africa.
Nationalism is identifying with the idea, politics, or otherwise factors of a nation, or a feeling of superiority over other nations, not to be confused with racism.
The British definitely took claim over Africa.
Out of all the countries that took control of Africa, Britain had over 20 claimed.
Arrived in Africa at the age of 17, with a dream to get rich.
Other people who claimed land would be France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.
With a fail in cotton he turned to gold and diamonds. At 40, his dream of becoming rich became a reality.
As you can imagine, there was practically a blood bath with all the wars over the land.
There was only one country who wasn't effected by the "Scramble for Africa."
However, after getting rich he began to crave the power he had been given.
The French also began to colonize in Africa. Their empire was the same size as the US in its height.
King Leopold hired hired Henry Stanley to arrange treaties with African leaders.
During the conference, it was decided that no part of Africa could be claimed without a European office there.
King Leopold: King of Belgium
As a result, European powers rushed to set up colonies in Africa.
European countries continued to scramble to gain control over land in Africa. They included Germany, Italy, and Portugal.
A German politician said:
"We do not want to put anyone in the shade, but we also demand our place in the sun".
Britain also had territory in Africa. While it was more scatted then Frances, it had much better resources and a higher population.
While he did not make it known to the public, Leopold's motivation for his actions were of profit and conquest.
The resources of the Congo were exploited by Leopold and other wealthy Belgium's. There were also reports of the villagers being abused. The underpaid laborers were mutilated and beaten.
Many other countries, such as Britain, France and Germany followed his example.
While the British colonies were more peaceful then Belgium's, a war still occurred. The Boer War was between the British and Boers (descendents of Dutch settlers). They were fighting over gold and diamonds found in the area. In the end, the British won.
Because of international outrage, Leopold was forced to give his colony to the Belgium government. While most of the abuse did end, the Africans culture was still disregarded.
The Berlin conference was held to prevent bloodshed between the European colonies in Africa.
Islamic Influence
Islamic Influence
Explorers soon moved into Africa's territory.
The Hausa revolt inspired other reform movements in West Africa.
The Europeans still had a paternalistic view of Africans, treating them as if they were children in need of guidance.
He declared social and religious reforms, based on Islamic Law. (Sharia)
The first explorers were Mungo Park and Richard Burton.
They saw African culture as stupid. They wanted Africans to reject their traditions for new ones.
Soon, more than a dozen Islamic leaders had power, replacing Hausa rulers. New states were founded along with this.
Islamic revival began to spread across West Africa; beginning in Nigeria. Usman dan Fodio started the revolt against Hausa rulers.(claiming they were corrupt)
They set out to explore, along Africa's many rivers (Niger, Nile, and Congo). They knew little about the people, but a lot about the geography.
Dr. David Livingstone was in charge of this, and he was one of the more well known missionaries.
*Missionaries came after*
Fulani herders and Hausa people set up a powerful Islamic state in North Nigeria.
As you can see, Islam had influenced West Africa, and was slowly influencing East Africa.
He wrote about his stay in Africa, and the people he had met. He wrote with more sympathy and less bias than past missionaries.
They were mostly Catholic and Protestant. Hoping to win people to Christianity.
From this, literacy increased, local wars decreased, and trade improved.
They were sincere in helping Africans. They built schools, medical clinics, and churches.
He opposed slave trade! Wanted to open Africa up to trade and Christianity.
Key Vocab Terms
How did they do it?
Italy Invades
Ethiopia Survives
King Menelik II
In 1896 Italy attempted to invade the country of Ethiopia. With their modern weapons and advanced training Menelik's army crushed the invading forces.
Unlike the rest of Africa during the
1800's, Ethiopia managed to not
succumb to the widespread rule of
Europe.
Menelik II hired European experts to plan modern roads and bridges, and to set up a Western education system. He imported the latest weapons and European officers to train his army.
Imperialism: The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.
Sphere of Influence: Any area in which one nation wields dominant power over another or others.
Paternalistic: In the manner of a father dealing benevolently and often intrusively with his children.
Boer War: A gruesome battle between the Boers (descendants of the Dutch) and the British.
Elite: A group of persons exercising the major share of authority or influence within a larger group
The Partition Of Africa
Chapter 24 Sections 1-2
Emma H., Casey K., Caitlyn S., Jared W., Mark Y.