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Romanticism (1780-1850)

Romanticism was a clear reaction to the rationality of the Enlightenment. Romantic artists glorified the power of nature and emotional and behavioral extremes. This reflected society because people were doubting the value of the new technologies against nature and looked nostalgically to the past. Famous artists were Constable, Turner, Delacroix, and Gericault, whose Raft of the Medusa depicted a shipwreck, showing the destructive power of nature.

Neoclassicism (1750-1850)

This art movement drew inspiration from classical art in ancient Greece and Rome to portray serious, heroic actions. It was a reaction against the decorative Baroque art and the frivolous Rococo art. It reflected the time period because the classical use of order and reason in art aligned with the European Enlightenment ideals. Famous painters include Benjamin West and Jacques-Louis David, whose Oath of the Horatii is below.

Renaissance Art (1400-1550)

During the Renaissance, the ancient Greek and Romans were idealized and revered. It also portrayed the experience of the individual as well as the natural world. This period reached its height in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and included artists like Botticelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

Baroque Music

Baroque music was characterized by grandeur, drama, and energy. Led by Italy, the movement introduced new forms of music using the solo voice, melodies and bass lines, and expressive harmonies for secular uses while also maintaining religious music. This reflected the times like the artwork because it was elaborate and heavily stylized. Major composers included Monteverdi, Corelli, Vivaldi, Scarlatti, Handel, and Bach.

Rococo (1715-1774)

The Birth of Venus by Botticelli depicts the myth of the Roman goddess of love emerging from a seashell

Rococo painting was lighthearted and played off of some mythological and courtship themes, delicate brushwork, and lighter and more sensuous colors. Watteau, Boucher, and Fragonard (one of his paintings, The Swing, is below) were famous painters. In architecture, designs were elegant, floral, and ornamental, with frequent use of lighter colors and mirrors to increase the perceived space. These movements were reactionary against Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles and the official Baroque art during his reign.

The Virgin of the Annunciation by Fra Angelico

Surrealism (1917-1950)

Surrealist art, which linked into Cubism, was supposed to represent uninhibited expression. It was often analytic, provocative, and erotic in nature. Artwork involved a lot of symbolism and disassembled shapes. This reflected society in that it explored the private mind like Sigmund Freud did, away from rationality and reason. Major artists included Duchamp and Picasso, who painted Guernica (below).

Baroque Art (1600-1750)

Medieval Art (500-1400)

Baroque art was often related to the Church, who used it in their Counter-Reformation movements. The dramatic scenes and artwork were meant to evoke strong emotion in the viewer and stimulate faith and piety through the grandeur of religion. Major Baroque artists included Caravaggio, Bernini, and Rubens.

Impressionism (1865-1885)

The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa was a sculpture by Bernini. It shows an angel piercing her heart and her face conveys strong emotion.

The founding members included Degas, Monet, and Pissarro. Its artwork often depicted modern life and appeared to be unfinished. Shadows and highlights were often in color as opposed to the traditional neutral tones. Loose brushstrokes gave the appearance of effortlessness. This reflected society because the subjects of many paintings were scenes of life, such as railroads and boats. Monet's Impression, Sunrise shows a shipyard.

Northern Realism (1430-1550)

Medieval art mostly depicted religious scenes and was usually found in churches and cathedrals. The colors were usually muted. This later included Gothic art, which could be seen in stained glass, manuscripts, and frescoes. Gothic art could be considered to be more secularized. Famous artists who were also considered to be part of the early Renaissance included Donatello, Giotto, and Brunelleschi. This art reflected the time period because the Catholic Church played a strong role in everyday life, so it made sense for artists to portray religious ideas.

Expressionism (1900-1935)

This art movement contrasted with the Baroque art in the rest of Europe in that it was not based on monumental themes and grandeur. Instead, it portrayed everyday things in detail through many genres such as portraits and still life. This reflected daily life because there was a strong influence from the Protestant Church, which discouraged embellishment of religion. Famous painters included Jan van Eyck, Vermeer, and Rembrandt van Rijn, whose Anatomy Lesson is below.

The expressionist movement distorted perspectives and forms and used stronger colors than the Impressionists and academic art. It reflected society because it illustrated the increasing discord between the world and authenticity and spirituality. Notable artists included van Gogh and Munch, whose work The Scream was garish and distorted.

Renaissance Literature

Writers such as Petrarch, who has a namesake sonnet form, and Boccaccio, who wrote The Decameron, looked to ancient Greece and Rome and wanted to revive the values, languages, and intellectual traditions, similar to the classical revival in art.

European Art Timeline

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