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NIGERIA: FOOD, CULTURE, & HEALTH

THE END

The Good News

The Bad News

Geographic Variation of Overweight and Obesity Among Women in Nigeria: A Case for Nutritional Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa

-Dr. Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala & Dr.Saverio Stranges

  • Geographic variation of obesity & over weight of 27,967 women ages 15-49; including individual risk factors
  • Based on a BMI greater than or equal to 25
  • Results: 20.9% overall prevalence. Increase in risk for obesity among women with higher education, wealth, living in an urban setting, and increase in age.
  • Based on BMI: 67.1% are normal weight, 12% under weight, and 20.9% combined overweight & obese
  • Lowest for the Fulani people: Only 10.2% overweight and 89.8% normal weight
  • Highest for the Igbo people: 39% overweight and 61% normal weight

Why More Obesity Amongst The Igbo ? Possibly because many of the cities and towns in eastern Nigeria are predominantly populated by Igbo people. They are the second largest group of people in southern Nigeria and they occupy fertile river deltas where industry and jobs are increasing. It seems that they have embraced urbanization and westernization more-so than the Fulani.

Why Less Obesity Amongst The Fulani ? Possibly because still today, many Fulani people are nomadic. They were traditionally cattle herders and mainly occupy the dry grasslands of Nigeria. They are combating urban sprawl in Nigeria and fighting for rights to preserve grasslands for their cattle.

Due to... increasing Westernization of the Nigerian diet and lifestyle. Even where American/European foods and food chains are absent, urbanization in Nigeria has resulted in fast-food preparation methods of their typically traditional foods; which results in minimal preparation and increased portions. More people are moving to cities, where physical activity is minimal, and driving instead of walking.

  • 1 in 5 women are obese or overweight
  • The rate is lower in men; more physical activity
  • Weight is associated with wealth; research has shown that wealthy women are 3 1/2 times more likely to be obese than lower income women
  • Nigeria suffers from both obesity and under-nutrition which poses a complex public health issue
  • Fruits
  • Tropical
  • Plantain
  • Vegetables
  • Tea
  • Protein
  • Beans
  • Fish
  • Carbs
  • Rice
  • Cassava

Sources

What can be done?

1. Increase physical activity in cities: promote exercise

2. Educate and Advocate: get the word out there that obesity is now an African issue as well & its negative side effects on health (diabetes, heart disease, etc.)

3. Promote women's health: address the issue of beauty & SES and their association with higher weight

4. Continue to battle malnutrition in rural areas and provide better access to healthcare

How can public health in Nigeria approach this new complex case of increasing obesity and the remaining malnutrition?

"The worry is that Nigeria, like many Sub-Saharan African countries, is facing a major public health challenge with a rising number of overweight adults, whilst large segments of the population face problems associated with under nutrition. This dual burden will mean combating both malnutrition and the risks associated with obesity, such as cardiovascular disease."

-Professor Saverio Stranges at Warwick

Nigerian Food History

  • http://www.theguardian.com/society/the-shape-we-are-in-blog/2014/jul/07/obesity-nigeria
  • Kandala N-B, Stranges S (2014) Geographic Variation of Overweight and Obesity among Women in Nigeria: A Case for Nutritional Transition in Sub-Sahara
  • ln Africa. PLoS ONE 9(6): e101103. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101103
  • http://www.cometonigeria.com/about-nigeria/nigerian-people-culture/igbo-people/
  • http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Igbo.html
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people
  • https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html
  • http://www.fao.org/3/a-y5736e/y5736e01.pdf
  • http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-South-Africa/Nigeria.html
  • http:/food/archive.unu.edu/unupress//8F072e/8F072E09.htm
  • http://www.africanfoods.co.uk/nigerian-food.html
  • http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/health-benefits-linked-to-drinking-tea
  • Trade facilitated a change in diet
  • brought new flavors
  • Before: rice, millet, lentils
  • After: beans, cassava, maize
  • spices such as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg
  • Can see the influence on foods eaten today

The Burden of Disease

  • Double burden of disease
  • 3.7% of GDP spent on health expenditure
  • Lacks resources:
  • .41 physicians/1,000 people
  • .53 hospital beds/1,000 people
  • 31% of children under 5 are underweight
  • Majority of children have micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Iodine)
  • 8.0-22.2% of adults are obese and 20.3-35.1% are overweight
  • Highest deaths from HIV/AIDS globally

Nigeria

  • "Giant of Africa"
  • Population: ~182,202,000
  • Largest economy in Africa
  • Over 250 ethnic groups: 3 largest are the Hausa, Igbo & Yoruba
  • Low life expectancy (54M/55F)
  • 43% is 0-14 years of age
  • 50%+ Nigerians work in agriculture
  • Rural populations eat more traditional foods
  • Urban/more affluent populations eat more "Westernized" or processed foods

Lunch

Dinner

Breakfast: akara with pap

Popular Dishes

Dietary Habits

  • Eat breakfast, lunch, and dinner
  • Lunch typically the largest meal
  • utilizes spices, herbs, palm oil, groundnut oil
  • Varies regionally, seasonally, and culturally
  • Enjoy lots of fruits
  • Northern region (Muslim):
  • beans, sorghum, brown rice, tea
  • Hausa: tsere or suya
  • Eastern region (Igbo):
  • gari, pumpkins, dumplings, yams

Suya/Tsiren: lean cut of been with

suya spice & peanut oil

Sorghum

Gari/Fufu: processed cassava

Nigeria: A Place of Major Diet & Health Contrasts

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