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In 1954, the linguist Pike introduced these terms based around the distinction between Phonetics and Phonemics. Phonetics is the study of the sounds that all humans use in all languages, while Phonemics is studying the sounds that a person makes in one particular language.
-start by offering a good deal or incentive
-end by taking away the deal or incentive after request/task has been completed
-Why does this work?
-commitment
The emic approach is not concerned by international cross-cultural similarities. It is more focused in a specific culture's behavior. The Emic approach believes that one culture's uniqueness is found through the specific characteristics and behaviors in it (Emics). A theory states that behavior can be defined only within the culture studied.
-foot-in-the-door technique
-start with small request
-end with large request
-Why does this work?
-consistency
-commitment
Research by Manson et al. (1985) studied the development of the American Indian Depression Scale. His results indicate through interviews that they had symptoms of:
Worry sickness
Unhappiness
Heartbroken
Drunken-like Craziness
Disappointment
These symptoms are similar to western views of depression
-To discover what all humans have in common
-Cross-cultural
-Etic approach assumes that underlying psychological mechanisms and the way psychological disorders are subjectively experienced are very similar/universal.
-Imposed Etic Approach
-Using a technique developed in one culture to study another
Through the study of depression it has been determined that depression is a universal disease but the ways in which it is expressed are culturally determined. This relates to the Derived Etic Approach, which states that although the phenomenon under study is the same across cultures, its development and expression may well show cultural influences.
-World Health Organization (WHO) in 1983
-In Switzerland, Canada, Japan, and Iran
-Looked at depression using the same method in all 4 countries
-All reported sadness, anxiety, joylessness, and feelings of insufficiency
-Some patients in some countries reported feeling things differently, like Chinese saying they felt body pain when sad, and Nigerians not reporting feeling worthless.
-Leads certain psychologists to think that depression symptoms are universal while reactions may be cultural.
-lowballing
-both combined