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History of Probability

By: Maddie Hawes & Krista Paulson

Bibliography

  • http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Pascal/RouseBall/RB_Pascal.html

  • http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/pascal.pdf
  • http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Fermat/RouseBall/RB_Fermat.html

Contributions

Math

  • Pascal invented the first calculator
  • Made Pascal's triangle
  • Fermat's little theorem
  • Fermat contributed to calculus

Chevalier's Questions

  • How many tosses of two dice were necessary to ensure that a roll of double 6's was more likely than a roll without double 6's?

Chevalier de Mere

  • How could the stakes be distributed fairly in a game which was ended before one of the players won the necessary number of rounds to emerge victorious?

1607-1684

Religion

  • Born in Poitou, France in 1607
  • Made many religious contributions
  • Wrote 18 Provincial Letters & The Pensees
  • Pascal's Wager
  • Real name was Antoine Gombaud, called Chevalier due to his dialogue characters
  • He went to school in Mere
  • Came from a wealthy family
  • 10 letters between Pascal and Fermat and Fermat and Carcavi
  • Talked of de Mere's questions
  • There was a lot of dispute
  • First theory was arithmetic, second was theory of points
  • Fermat finds simple solution, Pascal gives Fermat total credit
  • Professional gambler & amateur mathematician
  • Fortunate & unfortunate gambler, suffering his biggest loss in 1650

Letters Exchanged

Blaise Pascal

1623-1662

  • Born in Clermont, France on June 19, 1623
  • Died in Paris, France on August 19, 1662

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P(at least one 6)=?

Pierre de Fermat

  • In 1631, he moved to Paris
  • Home schooled
  • At 12, he taught himself geometry
  • At 14, he was working with influential French geometricians

1601-1665

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P(E)+P(E)=1 or P(E)=1-P(E) (pg. 70)

  • At 18, he invented the first arithmetical machine
  • In 1650, he began studying religion
  • Came from a wealthy family
  • He studied law and by 1631. he was a lawyer
  • Devoted most of his time to math
  • Good scholar, but never had any of his work published during his lifetime
  • His work was found after his death, but there is no proof if it is actually his
  • These papers are believed to be a revision of his previous work
  • Born near Montauban, France in 1601
  • Later died at Castres on January 12, 1665
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