Neuroendocrine system

Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream by the glands. From there, they travel to all parts of the body.

Traveling through the blood, hormones enter cells through “receptor” sites, much as a key unlocks a door

They travel in three different ways, depending on how far away they are from the cells:

endocrine signaling -signals from distant cells that originate from endocrine cells, usually producing a slow response, but having a long-lasting effect

Once inside, they get to work, flipping the switches that govern growth, development, and mental and physical functions throughout life.

Starts in the brain where it processes the stressful signal, starting in the hypothalamus.

Hypothalamus region of brain that contains several types of neurons responsible for secreting different hormones.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone is secreted in response to many types of stress

Anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin secrets

• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH) - stimulates the adrenal gland
• Which stimulates secretion of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline).

Cortisol prepares the body for a fight-or-flight response by flooding it with glucose, supplying an immediate energy source to large muscles.

Cortisol stops insulin production in an attempt to prevent glucose from being stored, favoring its immediate use.

Cortisol narrows the arteries while the epinephrine increases heart rate, both of which force blood to pump harder and faster.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (Adrenal Medullary Hormones) have the same effects on target organs as direct stimulation by sympathetic nerves, but their effect is longer lasting.

The effects include:

• Increased rate and force of contraction of the heart muscle: this is predominantly an effect of epinephrine acting through beta receptors.
• Dilation of bronchioles: assists in pulmonary ventilation.
• Stimulation of lipolysis in fat cells: this provides fatty acids for energy production in many tissues and aids in conservation of dwindling reserves of blood glucose.
• Increased metabolic rate: oxygen consumption and heat production increase throughout the body in response to epinephrine.
• Medullary hormones also promote breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle to provide glucose for energy production.

To sum it all up...

These hormones speed up heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. Blood vessels open wider to let more blood flow to large muscle groups, putting our muscles on alert. Pupils dilate to improve vision. The liver releases some of its stored glucose to increase the body's energy. And sweat is produced to cool the body. All of these physical changes prepare a person to react quickly and effectively to handle the pressure of the moment.

When cortisol keeps being produced can have negative effects on weight, immune function, and chronic disease risk

Elevated cortisol over the long term consistently produces glucose, leading to increased blood sugar levels which can cause diabetes

It can also make you gain weight by mobilizing triglycerides from storage and relocate them to visceral fat cells ~ which keep pumping out cortisol, adding salt to the wound.

Cortisol functions to reduce inflammation in the body, which is good, but over time, these efforts to reduce inflammation also suppress the immune system.

Digestion and absorption are compromised, indigestion develops, and the mucosal lining becomes irritated and inflamed ~ Many ulsers occur when stressed

Cortisol constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure to enhance the delivery of oxygenated blood, which over time can lead to cardiovasular disease

Long-term stress and elevated cortisol may also be linked to insomnia, chronic fatigue syndrome, thyroid disorders, dementia, depression, and other conditions

Neuroendocrine system

Divided into two parts

Nervous System

The Central NS and Peripheral NS

Breakdown of divisions

Roles

Somatic is vonentary control of your skeltal mucles (movement)

Autonomic is involentary control and controls:

Responisble for

fight or flight reaction

In conclusion

The body is amazing at handling acute stress but overtime it isn't so healthy for the body

Well what happens when the body is stressed allllllll the time?

Process

You're to blessed to be stress, so do your body a favor and relax.

Have a stress free day

Hormone Overview

paracrine signaling - target cell is near the signal-releasing cell

autocrine signaling - signaling cell and the target cell can be the same or a similar cell

Stress response #hormonal

#glands