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• Roman aristocrats throw over the monarchy and establish a republic dominated by the patricians (men from a wealthy class)

• Executive authority was exercised by two consuls who were advised by a patrician assembly – the Senate

• Conflicts started to worsen with poorer classes called plebeians led to important changes in Roman political life

o Written code of law offered plebeians protevtion from abuse with a system of public assemblies that provided an opportunity for lower classes to shape public policy and a new office of tribune that represented plebeians

Classical Period Timeline

Ana Sofía Abufele, Antonella Kafati, Adrianna Siwady and Isabella Pinto

• Result of interaction among Southern Asia’s varied cultures together, the development of their economies and social differences among people

• This social structure was very strict and played an important role in religion and the roles of citizens

500 BCE Caste System

500 BCE The Beginning of the Persian Empire

• Persia was the largest and most impressive empire in the world

• It stretched throughout Egypt and the Middle East

• Persian empire allowed various groups to practice their different faiths

• Important invention of the empire – Cyrus Cylinder: document with principles and laws that protected citizens

Strayer, Robert W. Ways Of the World: a Brief Global History with Sources. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. Print.

“Touropia Travel Experts.” Touropia Travel Experts. Web. 31 Aug. 2015. <http://www.touropia.com/ancient-mayan-temples/>

479 – 429 BCE Golden Age of Athens

• Rose from Greek victory in the Greco-Persian Wars

• High point of Athenian democracy

• Golden Age of Greek Culture

o The Parthenon, a temple to Athena the Greek goddess of wisdom, was built

o Greek theater was born

o Socrates was beginning his career as a philosopher and irritant in Athens

Bibliography

• Siddartha was a prince from a north Indian state.

• When he saw old age, sickness and death, he went on a six year spiritual quest.

• During his quest, he achieved enlightenment at age 35.

• He spent the rest of his life teaching what he had learned to a small community. He focused on teaching about suffering and the end of suffering.

500 CE - End of Classical Period

500 BCE Start of the Classical Period

566 -486 BCE The life of Siddartha Gautama

300 BCE Popol Vuh

200 CE Construction of the Pyramid of the Sun

• Roman Empire has reached its maximum extent

• Upper class women gained almost complete liberty in matters regarding property and marriage

• Wealth of empire enriched some, enabling them to acquire larger estates and more slaves

• Considered to be one of the tallest buildings in Mesoamerica.

• Located in Teotihuacan.

200 BCE – 200 CE High point of Roman Empire

• Confucius wrote a book called Analects in which he collected all of his teachings

• Confucius thought that the key to restore social harmony lay in the moral examples of superiors.

• Confucianism became a central element of the educational system in China and set the importance of family in Chinese culture. peri

• After the Qin dynasty discredited legalism, it allowed Confucianism to take over at the official ideology of Chinese state as it was supported by the Han Dynasty.

479 BCE Confucius’ texts are elaborated on and published

• The Popol Vuh is a book on Mayan culture and mythology.

• It was written in the Mayan language of Ki’che’

• It is one of the only works of literature by this civilization.

• The earliest panels of the Popol Vuh that have been found date back to 300 BCE.

• Persian King, Darius orders the construction of the Royal Road

• The Royal Road extended over 1700 miles and throughout the Persian Empire

• It made communication and commerce easier by cutting length of trips across the empire

509 BCE Founding of the Roman Republic

522 – 486 BCE Construction of the Royal Road

200 – 900 CE Tikal

• Large and influential Mayan city situated in northern Guatemala

• Between 200 – 900 CE, Tikal was the largest Mayan city with almost two hundred thousand inhabitants

• Greek civil war

• Result from Athens attempt at solidifying a dominant position among its allies after the Greco-Persian Wars

• Basically Athens versus Sparta

o Sparta leading the side defending the traditional independence of Greek city-states

• Results: Athens was defeated, Greeks exhausted themselves and distrust between Greeks magnified

o This left Greece vulnerable to takeover

431 – 404 BCE Peloponnesian Wars

• Fierce rivalries of military leaders lead Rome to civil war

• Traditionalists lamented apparent decline of republican values (below) amid self-seeking ambition of the newly rich and powerful

o Simplicity, service, free farmers as backbone of the army, the authority of the Senate

• Results of Civil War: Authority was now vested mainly in an emperor, the first being Octavian – later granted title of Augustus → implied divine status for the ruler

First century BCE Transition from republic to empire in Rome

260 – 210 BCE Qin Shihuangdi rules in China

• First emperor of China

• Developed Bureaucracy and equipped his army with iron weapons.

• Qin Shihuangdi united China under Legalism and advocated harsh punishments for the law breakers

• Qin Shihuangdi responded to threats of nomadic groups to the north by beginning the construction of what is now known as the Great Wall of China

490 – 479 BCE Greco-Persian Wars

• One of the most consequential cultural encounters

• Greek settlements on Anatolian seacoast came under Persian control as the Persian empire expanded west

• 499 BCE Some of these cities revolted against Persian control with support of Athens and the Greek mainland

• This made the Persians attack the Greeks with rage

• The Greeks beat the Persians on both land and sea

800 – 400 BCE Largely anonymous thinkers compose the Upanishads

• Mystical and highly philosophical works

• Sought to probe the inner meaning of the sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas

• Introduce central concepts of philosophical Hinduism that have persisted into modern times, such as

• Brahman

• Samsara

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