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Other notable composers:

Luigi Cherubini, 1760-1842

Johann Adolph Hasse, 1699-1783

Classical Composers

1725-1825

Ludwig

van

Beethoven

Franz Joseph

Haydn

Wolfgang

Amadeus

Mozart

1770-1827

1732-1809

Mass

Other Works

wrote 12 masses

1756-1791

The Great Organ Mass:

  • 4 Soloists and choir
  • 2 English Horns, trumpets, horns, strings, and organ
  • Uses operatic writing for soloists

Choral Fantasy, Op. 80

  • Composed for piano solo, choir, and orchestra
  • Piano solo introduces, followed by orchestral variations, choral setting of an earlier Beethoven work
  • anticipates choral passages from the Ninth Symphony

Missa Brevis:

  • 2 Soprano Soloists & 4-part choir
  • 2 violins, an Organ, and Bass
  • Optimistic, cheerful tone
  • Omits many commonalities: instrumental intro and interludes, repeating phrases to create a musical balance
  • creates a recapitulation of the Kyrie (uses this in late works)

St. Cecilia

  • Longest of Haydn's Masses
  • Cantata-style Mass - various arias, choral pieces, ensemble quartets
  • 4 soloists, 4-part choir, enlarged orchestra
  • Music becoming more important than the text

Mariazell Mass:

  • used soloists to create a 4-voice ensemble
  • transitional stage in the development of his style

Ninth Symphony, 4th movement

  • climax of the previous three orchestral movements
  • "Ode to Joy" text helps present central idea of the symphony:
  • "universal joy and brotherhood of all humanity"
  • only used three (out of the eight) stanzas and the refrains to the first, third, and fourth

The Six Late Masses:

  • 4 soloists, four-voice choir, orchestra
  • orchestra develops from into large ensemble: flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, timpani, and strings
  • avoids solo arias
  • interweaves ensemble passages and choral passages
  • overall joyful feeling, with some serious movements
  • leading up to large instrumental forms

Oratorio

wrote 3 Oratorios

Mass

The Return of Tobias

  • 4 soloists, 4-part choir, standard orchestra
  • avoided operatic elements
  • sonata-form arias and expressive recitatives

The Creation

  • Text came from Genesis and Milton's Paradise Lost
  • Five soloists, 4-part choir, standard orchestra
  • Soloists are: Adam & Eve, arch-angels Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael
  • Wrote in the style of Handel
  • choruses use chordal writing, imitative / fugal textures, soloistic passages
  • Dramatic and lyrical

Requiem

Christ on the Mount of Olives

  • wrote in two weeks
  • Three soloists: Jesus, Seraph, Pete
  • 4-voice choir and large orchestra
  • series of recitatives, arias, ensembles, 3 choral movements, final chorus of angels
  • Operatic arias, cadenzas, melodramatic mood

Other Works

  • 18 masses, 1 Requiem Mass
  • 9 Masses are in the Missa Brevis style
  • 9 Masses were in the style of Missa Solemnis

The Requiem Mass, K. 626

The Seasons

  • Bass, Soprano, and Tenor Soloists
  • 4-voice choir, large orchestra
  • sets a happy tone throughout the 39 various recitatives, arias, choruses, and ensembles
  • noteworthy orchestration

34 misc. works for choir

Examples:

Agnus Dei from Dominicus Mass

Gloria from Missa Brevis in D Major

God is Our Refuge, K. 20: written when he was 8

Ave Verum Corpus, K. 618

  • Commissioned in 1791 by Count Walsegg
  • Mozart viewed this as a messenger of death
  • Work was still unfinished when he died
  • Completed by Franz Xaver Sussmayr
  • 4 soloists, four-part choir
  • orchestra: 2 basset horns, 2 bassoons, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, timpani, strings, and organ

7 Kyries, 6 Offetories, 4 Antiphons, 4 Litanies, 2 Vespers

Mass

Other Works

"The result is a series of musical forms in which balance, proportion, unity, and contrast are all provided, with musical considerations occasionally outweighing the liturgical in Mozart's mind."

Litany, K. 243

  • 4 soloists, 4-part choir
  • orchestra with organ and continuo
  • 10 movements
  • contrapuntal writing contrasted with chordal writing
  • arias, instrumental obbligatos
  • chromatic accompaniment foreshadows later styles
  • 1 Passion setting
  • Secular cantatas
  • 20 misc works, such as Te Deums and Offertories

Mass in C Major, Op. 86

  • commissioned by Prince Nicolas Esterhazy
  • Many did not like; caused Beethoven extreme embarrassment
  • 4 soloists, 4-part choir, orchestra with organ
  • short solo/ensemble passages, never separate arias
  • movements connected, although sections contrast tempos, meter, and tonality
  • constantly changing textures: chordal style, soloist passage, imitative writing, etc.
  • set mass not by a specific form, but by what it meant to him

The Seven Words of Our Savior on the Cross

  • Text by Baron van Swieten
  • Nondramatic and contemplative
  • mixed chordal and imitative style
  • solo and choral writing

Mass in D Major, Op. 123

  • Also known as, "Missa solemnis"
  • 4 soloists, four-part choir, full symphonic orchestra, organ
  • concerned with ethical matters
  • expression of Beethoven's beliefs
  • two hours long
  • extreme contrasts used to accent the meaning of the text
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