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The Roots Of War
Adolf Hitler
Italy
Germany
Benito Mussolini
Japan
Emperor Hirohito
AXIS POWERS
"Rome - Berlin - Tokyo Axis"
World War II
(September 1, 1939)
President Franklin Roosevelt
-recalled L.t General Douglas MacArthur into active military service to take charge of the newly-created USAFFE (United States Armed Forces in the Far East).
The Philippines Girds for War
Lt. General Douglas MacArthur
-field marshal of the Philippine Army
The Outbreak of War
"The Bombing of Pearl Harbor"
[December 7, 1941]
The Landing of General Homma
The War Comes to the Philippines
December 22, 1941 - arrival of General Masaharu Homma and 43,000 Japanese troops at the Lingayen Gulf
The Declaration of Manila as an Open City
December 24, 1941 - 10,000 Japanese arrived at and invaded Lamon Bay
December 8, 1941
-bombing in Davao, Tuguegarao, Iba, Zambales,
Pampanga and Tarlac.
-Japanese air force attacked the Cavite naval base and Nichols field killing 80 Americans.
*At this time, General MacArthur ordered his 80,000 men to retreat to Bataan Peninsula
President Franklin Roosevelt - announced his pledge of freedom and independence to the Filipino people.
General Homma - proclaimed that they came to emancipate Filipino's from American domination.
- appointed Vargas as Chairman of the Executive Commission.
December 24, 1941
- President Quezon and others went to Corregidor and asked Chief Justice Jose P. Laurel to stay in Manila
December 10, 1941 - landing of the Japanese forces in Vigan and Appari
December 12, 1941 - landing of the Japanese forces in Lingayen
December 20, 1941 - landing of the Japanese forces in Atimonan and Mauban
December 11, 1941
President Manuel L. Quezon
December 11, 1941
Chief Justice Jose P. Laurel
Jorge Vargas - Mayor of Manila
December 26, 1941 - declaration of Manila as an Open City
January 2, 1942 - entry of Japanese forces in Manila
January 29, 1942 - formation of the Council of State
February 17, 1942 - Japanese propagated their Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere with education and labor
March 31, 1942 - Japanese department of Education, Health and Welfare announced that public elementary schools would begin in June
March 1943 - enrollment reached only 267,977
The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
The Imposition of Japanese Sovereigny
The Formation of the Philippine Executive Commission
January 3, 1942
-end of American sovereignty
-start of Martial Law under Japanese Administration
January 23, 1942
-formation of the Philippine Excutive Commission
Jorge Vargas
-assigned as the chairman of the temporary government
THE PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE COMMISSION
Jose Abad Santos
-Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
-refused to cooperate with the Japanese
-captured in Cebu and executed on May 2, 1942 in Malabang, Lanao
-Filipino and American army reached Bataan in mid-January 1942.
-Roosevelt appointed MacArthur army commander of the Pacific but instead he went to Australia and left saying " I shall return ".
-MacArthur ordered a counter-attack on Subic Bay supply dump and Wainwright passed the order to Maj. Gen. Edward P. King
-General Homma's assault began on April 3
-King surrendered the largest American force
-Homma attacked Corregidor on May 5
-General Wainwright surrendered
-75,000 prisoners were herded by the Japanese on a long Death March to Camp O'Donnell in Capas, Tarlac
-10,000 men died of disease, malnutrition and brutality
-25,000 Filipinos and 2,000 Americans died
- Benigno S. Aquino
- Antonio de las Alas
- Jose P. Laurel
- Rafael Alunan
- Claro M. Recto
- Quintin Paredes
Interior
Finance
Justice
Agriculture and Commerce
Education, Health and Public Welfare
Public Works and Communication
General Jonathan Wainwright
"Bataan Death March"
Maj. Gen. Edward P. King
Camp O'Donnell
Jose Yulo
-former speaker of the National Assembly
-designated as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Executive Order No.76
"City of Greater Manila"
CITY OF GREATER MANILA
Attempts at Winning Filipino Loyalty
* Manila Proper
*Quezon City
*Pasay
*Parañaque
*Caloocan
*Makati
*San Juan
*Mandaluyong
"Samahang Magkakapit - Bahay"
-neighborhood association
KALIBAPI (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas)
-chief organ of Japanese propaganda
-established by virtue of Executive Order No. 109
Japan's Promise of Independence
Premier Hideki Tojo
June 1942
-formation of a preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence
Commission for Philippine Independence
Jose P. Laurel - Chairman
Benigno S. Aquino - Member
Ramon Avanceña - Member
Life During the Japanese Era
September 4, 1943
-signing of the proposed Constitution
September 7, 1943
-ratification of the Constitution
September 23, 1943
-inaugural session
President of the Philippine Republic ----- Jose P. Laurel
Speaker of the National Assembly-------- Benigno S. Aquino
The Second Philippine Republic
"The Puppet Government"
October 14, 1943
-inauguration of the Second Philippine Republic
-proclamation of Philippine Independence
Resistance Against the Japanese After the Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
Commonwealth Government in Exile
(Mach 29, 1942)
-organization of the People's Anti - Japanese Army (HUKBALAHAP)
1942 - Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
-led to the collapse of organized resistance to the Japanese invasion
-Filipinos fled to the mountains and organized underground resistance
Walter Cushing
-leader of a Guerilla band
-President Quezon established his exiled cabinet in Washington, he later died in Saranac Lake Sanitarium on August 1, 1944
-Quezon was succeeded by Sergio Osmeña
*The guerrilla movements were said to have 260,000 men
NOTABLE PROMINENT GUERRILLA LEADERS
HUKBALAHAP
-led by Luis Taruc and Castro Alejandrino
-30,000 guerrilla fighters
-initiated an alliance with the Philippine-American guerrillas in June
-fought 2,000 encounters and killed 20,000 Japanese troops
-sent intel reports to MacArthur and killed Filipino spies
BUDC (Barrio United Defense Corps)
-organized to provide local government
-kept the harvest from the Japanese
The Battle of the Philippine Sea
June 19, 1944
-American forces invaded Guam
September 21, 1944
-US carriers attacked Manila
October 20, 1944
-Americans landed on the beaches of Leyte
October 23, 1944
-MacArthur proclaimed the restoration of the Commonwealth Government in Tacloban
October 23-26, 1944
"Battle of Leyte Gulf"
1. Ruperto Kangleon (Leyte)
2. Salipada Pendatun (Mindanao)
3. Wenceslao Vinzon (Bicol Region)
4. Macario Peralta (Panay)
5. Roque Ablan (Ilocos Norte)
6. Terry Adevoso (Manila)
7. Marcos Agustin (Manila)
*the Japanese Southern Force was destroyed in the Surigao Strait
*Americans suffered heavy damage off Samar
*the Japanese fleet lost half its naval tonnage
*American planes sank 80% of the Japanese convoys
*Lt. Gen. Tomoyoki Yamashita tripled his forces on Leyte to 65,000 men by December
*the Americans had nearly 4,000 killed and 15,000 wounded on Leyte
*Yamashita lost about 60,000 troops
*MacArthur landed forces on Mindoro in mid-December
January 9, 1945
-Americans took Lingayen Gulf by surprise
-Kamikaze pilots dove their planes into US ships in the Lingayen Gulf, destroying 24 ships and damaging 70
-MacArthur marchedsouth with 300,000 Americans and Filipinos
-American forces entered Manila on February 3
-Yamashita tried to spare the city of 800,000 people
-Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi ignored Yamashita and sent 20,000 sailors into the city with automatic weapons
-the Japanese took Laurel, Aquino and other puppet leaders to Japan
-the CIC (US Counter Intelligence Corps) arrested Taruc and other HUKBALAHAP members on February 22 in San Fernando, Pampanga
The Japanese Collaborators
GANAPS
-pro-Japanese Sakdalistas
-served as spied and informers of Japanese military authorities
PALAAKS (The Bamboo Army)
-recruited by the Japanese Army from neighborhood associations and different towns
UNITED NIPPON
-military organization
PAMPARS (Pambansang Pag-asa ng mga anak ni Rizal [Pililia,Rizal])
-organized by the Japanese military
-led by Cristino Pendon
MAKAPILIS
-politico-military organization
-formed by the Japanese High Command on December 8, 1944
-members of this organization came from an association known as Makabayan
MAKABAYAN
-pro-Japanese association
-led by the persons:
General Artemio Ricarte Benigno Ramos & Pio Duran
The Final Defeat of the Japanese in the Philippines
August 6, 1945 - bombing of Hiroshima
August 9, 1945 - bombing of Nagasaki
August 14, 1945 - Japanese empire surrendered
September 2, 1945 - ceremonial signing of papers presided by MacArthur in Tokyo Bay, aboard USS Missouri
*MacArthur became the Japanese military governor in Japan
*High Commissioner Paul McNutt replaced MacArthur in the Philippines
September 3, 1945 - Yamashita surrendered in Baguio
*Osmeña ordered Corregidor taken back & 3,000 Japanese died defending it.
February 28, 1945 - invasion in Palawan
March 10, 1945 - invasion in Zamboanga
March 18, 1945 - invasion in Panay
March 26, 1945 - invasion in Cebu
March 29, 1945 - invasion in Negros
April 4, 1945 - invasion in Bohol
April 12, 1945 - invasion in Mindanao
July 4, 1945 - proclamation of Japanese liberation
August 17, 1945 - Laurel issued a proclamation on dissolving the 2nd Philippine Republic
*President Henry Truman
-allowed atomic bombs to be dropped to convince Japan to surrender
The Restoration of the Commonwealth
The Last Commonwealth Elections
-General MacArthur governed the Philippines as Military Administrator until February 27, when he turned over the civil government to President Osmeña
President Sergio Osmeña
-rehabilitated the war-ravaged country
-reorganized the Cabinet and the Council of State
June 9, 1945
-congress convened, which had not met since the election of its members on November 11, 1941
President: Manuel A. Roxas
President Pro-Tempore: Elpidio Quirino
Speaker of the House of Representatives: Jose C. Zulueta
Speaker Pro-Tempore: Prospero Sanidad
April 23, 1946 - National Elections
*Roxas founded the Liberal Party with the help of High Commissioner Paul McNutt
Presidential: Sergio Osmeña (Nacionalista Party) = Manuel A. Roxas (Liberal Party)
Vice Presidential: Eulogio Rodriguez (Nacionalista Party = Elpidio Quirino (Liberal Party)
May 26, 1945
-Roxas was inducted as the last President of the Philippine Commonwealth