Copy of 1960-1975: Culture and Counter-Culture

Counterculture

Woodstock and the summer

of love.

racial justice civil rights

3 major ethnic groups emerged during the 60s and 70s to fight for their civil rights:

• African Americans
• Native Americans
• Latinos

The counter culture of this period emerged as response to the previous decade's conservative and socially repressive stance. Acquisition of a new liberal attitude assisted their ability to recognize the social and civil injustices that were committed everyday.

• Some felt that they could just "drop out," of society by using of drugs, music, and alternative lifestyles.
• Artist communes were created, music festivals were performed, while innumerable marches, rally's, protests, fasts, and demonstrations were held, either for anti- Vietnam, or civil rights.
• Believed in the message of peace and free love.
• Unity with the universe
• Peace sign is perhaps the most eminent symbol of the movement.
• Musicians, artists, and authors spread the message of the hippie culture throughout America, which in turn, did the same to the world.
• Movement was based in San Francisco, CA.

• The "Woodstock Music & Art Fair" was a music festival that attracted around half a million concert goers in August of 1969.
• 32 musical acts performed over a four day slot (although it was only intended to be 3 days), and included famous names such as Janis Joplin, The Who, Joan Baez, and The Grateful Dead.
• "Sex, drugs, and Rock and Roll" are probably the 3 best words to sum up the festival, with just maybe an extra dash of nudity.
• The festival was presumably one of the biggest symbols of the Counterculture at that time, because it let regular middle class young people experience a taste of "communal life."

After decades of living on reservations that had conditions below the poverty line (actually had conditions rather similar to underdeveloped countries in Southeast Asia and Africa), Native Americans began to fight for their civil liberties.

• The most well known Indian Power group AIM (American Indian Movement ) was established in 1966.
• Their demonstration dubbed the “Trail of Broken Treaties'' in 1972 took over the Bureu offices of indian affairs in Washington D.C. tried to convey the same conditions they had ben put under.
• The most controversial demonstration occured when 200 armed Native Americans took over the town of Wounded Knee, SD. occupied the town for 71 days.

These actions were not carried out in vain.

• In 1972 the Indian Education Act was passed, along with many acts that followed after that helped conditions in reservations.

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom(August 28th, 1963) was one of the largest rallies in American history that called for human (civil and economic) rights for African Americans.

• Where Martin Luther King Jr. delievered his famous "I have a Dream Speech"
• Attributed with aiding the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and The Voting Rights Act of 1965

"Si se puede!"

Cesar Chavez, a pioneer for the hispanic and farm working communities, demonstrated countless marches, boycotts, strikes, and fasts.

• The most famous boycott, started after many farmer workers were beaten, shot, and arested at a strike, boycotted table grapes.
• This resulted in the 1975 Agricultural Labor Relations Act, which was signed and supported by California Governor Jerry Brown.

• The Summer of Love concerns the summer of 1967, where about 100,000 young people gathered to the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood and surrounding neighborhoods, in San Francisco.
• People from all around the world flocked to this neighborhood for free healthcare, food, love, drugs, and basic necessities.
• This was the center of the "Hippie" or counter-culture movement.

CULTURE

AND

COUNTER-CULTURE

1960-1975

"I have a dream...."

"One does not sell the land people walk on."

fashion

2nd wave of feminism

• Psychedelic and bohemian fashions were cored in the basis of unisex designs and ethnic/wild prints.
• Women and men both wore bell bottoms, paisley prints, sandals, and tie die.
• Maxi skirts and dresses for women were introduced in the late 60s.

• Contrary to the previous decades modest cuts and styles, the fashions of the 60s and mid 70s were bright, short, and flashy.
• This decade saw the debut of the mini skirt and hot pants thanks to Mod designer Mary Quant, Go-go boots, Bell bottoms, and new, mismatched psychedelic prints.
• Men began to have more liberal styling choices.

by Alexandra Armijos

The "2nd Wave of Feminism," or the Womens Liberation Movement began in the early 60's. Some key elements in the fixture of the movement were rooted in:

• the literary work, The Feminine Mystique
• Creation of NOW, an organization that fought to "achieve equality for women."
• Feminist activists such as Gloria Steinem, Betty Freidan, and Helen Reddy.
• A call for equal pay, political participation, and education.
• Womens portrayal in the media
• A womans freedom to choose her place in society.
• New attitudes on sexuality
• Inequality at the workplace
• President John F. Kennedys commision on the status of women
• FDA approval of the combined oral contraceptive pill in 1960
• Necessity of reproductive freedom

"A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle."

• The Mod style arrived from London in the mid 60s. It was characterized by a clean boyish look with a variety of geometric cuts. The fashion icon Twiggy best exemplified this look with her clean, boyish hair cut and boxy short clothes.

GLORIA STEINEM'

NOW

FEMINIE MYSTIQUE

Feminists managed to achieve certain legal victories such as :

• The Equal Pay Act of 1963
• Title IX (non discrimination in educational facilities)
• Women's Educational Equity Act
• Title X (family planning for low income families)
• Pregnancy Discrimination Act
• Illegalization of marital rape
• Roe v. Wade
• Reed v. Reed
• Griswold v. Connecticut

• Fashion designer Yves St. Laurent broke barriers with the introduction of his womens tuxedo suit, Le Smoking, in 1966.
• His designs empowered women because they were synonymous with the images of power and influence at the time.

“We are the women our parents warned us against, and we are proud.”

Intro

1960-1975 was a period of tremendous political and social unrest, which predominantly grew its "legs" from the young people. These were the first baby boomers that were coming of age. They rejected the previous decade's social standards, and fought for their own moral beliefs, seeking a better world.

This established what we call the Counterculture. This movement sparked a massive change in Americas society. Also referred to as "the social revolution"

EXPERIMENTATION

surge of new art

As a result of the explosion of consumerism in the U.S, a group of young, new artists created the form of art referred to as "pop art." The icons of this movement are commonly associated with

• Roy Liechtenstein.
• Tom Wesselmen,
• and of course, Andy Warhol.

The Minimalists were a reaction to the 1950s abstract expressionist movement. They utilized clean lines, geometric forms, and color blocking. This was derived from the concept of "reductive forms." (aka, physical essence)

• These are usually the forms of art many people question today as being really art.
• Tony smith was an early pioneer.

After taking part in a government sponsored drug research program (Project MKULTRA) that tested various psychoactive drugs, famously including LSD, Ken Kesey believed that through the use of psychoactive drugs, he could dispell conformity and reconstruct society. He formed a group of LSD users dubbed the "Merry Pranksters." Together they traveled cross country, candidly experimenting and promoting drugs, hosting acid tests, and virtually bridging the transition from 1950s beatniks to 1960s hippies. Kesey and his Pranksters are commonly associated with bringing the LSD-hippie-drug culture to San Francisco.

This revolution was caused by social issues regarding:

• Racial inequality
• Gender inequality
• Backlash against the previous traditional values of the 1950s
• Coming of age of baby boomers
• Cold war
• Vietnam war
• Re-emergence and availability of drugs
• International influence
• Environmental consciousness
• Transcendentalist philosophy

"Tune in, tune out, and drop out"

MUSIC

(what about this one?)

(scary- but effective.)

anti-Vietnam

(is this art?)

"Never Trust a Prankster."

citations

The mid 60s saw the coming of the "British Invasion," an onslaught of pop and rock performers from the U.K. The Beatles are a prime example as well as

The Who

The Rolling Stones

Donovan

The Kinks

Dusty Springfield

Hermans Hermitts

Film

icons

Some icons of this decade could be identified with:

Incidents such as the My Lai massacre gave many protestors ground against the U.S government.

• In 1971, a protest rally was held in Washington D.C, with about 300,000 protesters taking part the anti-Vietnam cause. A good amount of these protesters were Vietnam War veterans. Some showed their disillusionment with the government by throwing their war medals on the very steps of the capitol building.
• Agent Orange was part of a group of controversial "Rainbow" herbicides that the U.S Government used to destroy the jungle coverage of the NLF. Many Vietnamese civilians and U.S troops were exposed to this hazardous chemical and experienced severe side effects.

Originally, American citizens had no opposition to the Vietnam war, until open involvement was declared in 1964.

• After nearly twenty years of the cold war, many people were really afraid of the Domino effect that pro-Vietnam officials were speaking of.
• Some of the first "big" protests came in October of 1965, when the total draft number increased to 33,000 a month, in comparison to February's 3000 a month.
• And then, there was obviously a disparity between who was being drafted. More than 3/4 of those who were drafted came from poor or working class families. More affluent men could "draft-dodge" either with college enrollment or "pull" they could manage.
• Some men even burned or ripped their draft cards.

Psychedelic rock was huge during this time period. It heavily borrowed from non-western music styles, in order to recreate the experience of psychedelic drugs. The lyrics also were filled with drug references. Some bands would include:

• The Jimi Hendrix Experience
• Cream
• Pink Floyd
• The Beatles
• The Byrds
• The Grateful Dead
• The Doors

Some memorable movies of this time period were:

• Bonnie and Clyde (1967)
• The Graduate (1967)
• Psycho (1960)
• Rosemary's Baby (1968)
• The Sound of Music (1965)
• To Kill A Mockingbird (1962)
• West Side Story (1961)
• Easy Rider (1969)
• Romeo and Juliet (1968)
• Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
• Breakfast at Tiffany's
• Cleopatra (1963)
• Dr. No (1962)
• Love Story (1970)
• Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory
• A Clockwork Orange (1971)
• The Godfather(1972)
• The Texas Chain Saw Massacre(1974)
• Cabaret (1972)
• The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)

Janis Joplin

John Lennon

Cesar Chavez

Jacqueline and John F. Kennedy

Edie Sedgewick

“Hey! Hey! LBJ! How many kids did you kill today?”

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Audrey Hepburn

Jane Birkin

Andy Warhol

When casualty numbers started coming in, along with televised reports filmed in Vietnam, protests skyrocketed.

• In May of 1968, 562 American troops had been killed in one week alone.
• Many felt America was not only sacrificing the lives of her own young men, but the lives of the many innocents that they were supposed to protect in Southern Vietnam, along with the lives involved with the bomb blanket raids in Northern Vietnam that occurred everyday.

Twiggy

The 60s and early 70s saw a revival of folk music, specifically in the genre of folk- rock. Much of this music had a political message, especially due to anti-war sentiments. Some pioneers would include

• Bob Dylan
• Cat Stevens
• James Taylor
• Simon and Garfunkel
• Peter Paul and Mary

Pam Grier

Timothy Leary

"When you cease to exist, then who will you blame?"

Most protests occurred within college campuses

• Groups like the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) were created to protest against the war.

Stevie Nicks

Bianca Jagger

Mick Jagger