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Prevailing Issues, Controversies, and Implications for Teachers

Special Education Throughout History

Meeting the requirements of the nation's laws and litigation can be challenging for schools and teachers. Teachers have a legal and professional responsibility to obtain a basic working knowledge of legislation and litigation that affects students. What recommendations are there to assist teachers?

  • keep accessible copies of legal and professional guidelines
  • work as reliable teammate within your school and district
  • make sure that you are aware of all goals and requirements for each testing program
  • reduce stress, increase flexibility and adaptability
  • join advocacy groups and keep up to date with current events
  • interact with school boards and members of the community

Created by Kate Chibnall

Recent Legislation (cont.)

1800s Medical Advancements

The Legalization and Integration of Special Education:

Civil Rights & The Grass Roots Advocacy

The Social History of Special Education:

1500s-1600s Beyond Cruelty and Neglect

A large number of parent-organized advocacy groups surfaced after World War II

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, signed into law by President Bush on Jan. 8, 2002, brought sweeping changes into education across the nation. The act expanded the federal role in education and took particular aim at improving the educational lot of disadvantaged students. The act was designed to improve the educational performance of all students. This act created a large amount of controversy. NCLB’s advocates say the landmark law holds schools accountable, empowers parents and is helping to close the achievement gap in America’s schools.

Debates continue to rage over whether the law is an effective way to improve academic achievement. Many critics, including those who agree with the law’s goals, argue that it is a “one-size-fits-all” approach to education that overemphasizes testing and does not provide enough money to schools to achieve success. Implications for teachers and school districts include strong accountability for results and adequate yearly progress.

Intellectuals and physicians attempted to explain medical disabilities through the use of medicine and experimental treatments

Schools for the blind and deaf were founded

in the United States

In attempts to "cure" people with emotional disabilities,

patients were placed in asylums and treated by doctors

1866 Downs syndrome was first described by Doctor John Langdon Down

Prior to the 1700s , society believed that individuals with disabilities should be feared, segregated, and categorized

Treatment of individuals with People with mental disabilities

exceptionalities included: were placed in monasteries,

  • shunning hospitals, and workhouses
  • inhumane treatment
  • ridicule
  • isolation
  • death

Advocacy groups continued to grow throughout the 1950s and 1970s This growth was fueled by the Civil Rights Movement

  • United Cerebral Palsy Association
  • Muscular Dystrophy Association
  • John F. Kennedy’s Panel on Mental Retardation

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504) is an anti-discrimination, civil rights statute that requires the needs of students with disabilities to be met. The act authorizes federal support for the rehabilitation and training of individuals with physical and mental disabilities

In 1975 the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act was enacted as a method to ensure that children with disabilities have the opportunity to receive a free appropriate public education, just like other children

1900

2000

1700

2015

1500

Recent Legislation

1700s Early Progress

The Rise of Advocacy Groups

The rise of specialized schools led to the formation of advocacy groups which called for greater inclusion of individuals with disabilities and increased opportunities:

1921 American Foundation for the Blind (AFB)

1922 Council for Exceptional Children

1933 Cuyahoga County Ohio Council for the Retarded Child

Philosophical knowledge and the Enlightenment led to changes in how humanity was viewed and core beliefs in:

  • human nature
  • human reason
  • human dignity
  • self-sufficiency

1750s-1780s Schools for the deaf are established in Germany, Italy, and England

1770 Thomas Braidwood opened the first school for the deaf in England

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, is the nation's first comprehensive civil rights law addressing the needs of people with disabilities

The act prohibits private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment

ADA applies to all segments of society-employment, education, and recreation services

References

Center for Parent Information and Resources. (2015). Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.parentcenterhub.org/repository/idea/

Chadwick, P. (2003, September 23). Disability History Timeline. Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.disabilityhistory.org/timeline_new.html

Facts About the Americans with Disabilities Act. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/fs-ada.cfm

History of Special Education. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.learningrx.com/history-of-special-education.htm

Rosenberg, M., & Westling, D. (2011). Special education for today's teachers: An introduction (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Merill/Prentice Hall

Rotatori, A. (2011). Historical and Philosophical Changes in the Education of students with Exceptionalities. In F. Obiakor & J. Bakken (Eds.), History of Special Education. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Shafer, C. (n.d.). History of How We Treated People With Disabilities. Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.catherineshafer.com/history.html

Schwartz, S. (2007). The First Permanent School. Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.pbs.org/weta/throughdeafeyes/deaflife/first_school.html

Skiba, R. J., Simmons, A. B., Ritter, S., Gibb, A. C., Rausch, M. K., Cuadrado, J., & Chung, C. (2008). Achieving equity in special education: History, status, and current challenges. Exceptional Children, 74(3), 264-288.

What the No Child Left Behind law means for your child | GreatKids. (2015). Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/no-child-left-behind/

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